Update: QNA BO

LICENSE

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+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
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+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+

changelog/_index.md

@@ -2,18 +2,31 @@
 title: "Changelog"
 ---
 
+[21-06-2026]
+- ***Update: Email and XMPP pages.***
+
+[13-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy.***
+- ***Add: Backend repository link.***
+
+[10-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Comments on blogposts.***
+
+[08-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Email registration on the website.***
+
 [07-06-2026]
-- ***XMPP registration on the website.***
+- ***Add: XMPP registration on the website.***
 
 [06-06-2026]
-- ***OTP verification during sign up.***
+- ***Add: OTP verification during sign up.***
 
 [05-06-2026]
-- ***Buttons restructure.***
+- ***Update: Buttons restructure.***
 
 [04-06-2026]
-- ***Login/Log Out.***
+- ***Add: Login/Log Out.***
 
 [14-04-2026]
-- ***Changelog page.***
-- ***Remove year from footer copyright.***
+- ***Add: Changelog page.***
+- ***Remove: Year from footer copyright.***

content/_index.md

@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.
 ### Site's Code:
 
 <p style="text-indent: 1.185em;">
-This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find it <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
+This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗</a> and backend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/freedoms4-backend-public.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
 </p>

content/admin.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'User Management'
++++

content/services/email.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Email'
+weight = 1
+registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get a private email account.'
++++
+
+<div id="email-loggedin" style="display:none">
+  <p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id="email-address"></span></p>
+  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="email-loggedout" style="display:none">
+  <p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p>
+  <p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an email account.</p>
+</div>
+<script>
+(function () {
+  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
+  if (username) {
+    document.getElementById('email-address').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
+    document.getElementById('email-loggedin').style.display = '';
+  } else {
+    document.getElementById('email-loggedout').style.display = '';
+  }
+})();
+</script>

content/services/file-share.md

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 +++
 draft = false
-title = 'File share'
+title = 'File Share'
+weight = 3
+registration-needed = false
 +++
 
 Visit <a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">

content/services/xmpp-account.md

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-+++
-draft = false
-title = 'XMPP Account'
-+++
-
-<div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none">
-  <p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id="xmpp-jid"></span></p>
-  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none">
-  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to create an XMPP account.</p>
-</div>
-
-<script>
-(function () {
-  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
-  if (username) {
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
-  } else {
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
-  }
-})();
-</script>

content/services/xmpp.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'XMPP'
+weight = 2
+registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get an XMPP account.'
++++
+
+<div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none">
+  <p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id="xmpp-jid"></span></p>
+  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none">
+  <p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p>
+  <p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p>
+</div>
+<script>
+(function () {
+  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
+  if (username) {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username.toLowerCase() + '@freedoms4.org';
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
+  } else {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
+  }
+})();
+</script>

content/uninotes/ge-dcm1106-qna.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['GE DCM1106']
+unit = 'QNA'
+title = 'GE DCM1106 QNA'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/'
++++
+
+### ***June 24, 2026***
+
+### Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)
+
+**1. Discuss the difference between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.**
+
+**Ans.**
+
+### Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks
+
+### Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)
+
+### Unit 1 Short Answer

docs/404.html

@@ -4,5 +4,10 @@
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-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1>404</h1><p>The page you visited was not found.</p><p><a href=/>Return to the home page</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
+</button>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1>404</h1><p>The page you visited was not found.</p><p><a href=/>Return to the home page</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/admin/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>User Management | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/admin/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="User Management"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta itemprop=name content="User Management"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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docs/blog/index.html

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
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-Ratio of components in Education: # 50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% …</p><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
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+Ratio of components in Education: 50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% …</p><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/blog/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/categories/index.html

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docs/categories/philosophy/index.html

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 › <span>Philosophy</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> |
-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Philosophy</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Philosophy</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/categories/philosophy/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

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docs/coming-soon/index.html

@@ -5,4 +5,6 @@
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docs/contact/index.html

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
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+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
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-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
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-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
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-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><p><strong>Admin:</strong> hyzen</p><h2 class=heading id=contacts>Contacts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contacts>#</a></span></h2><p><strong><a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>Email</a> and <a href=xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org>XMPP</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>hyzen@freedoms4.org</a></p><p><strong>IRC/Liberachat:</strong> hyzen, #freedoms4</p><h2 class=heading id=follow-on>Follow on<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#follow-on>#</a></span></h2><p><strong><a href=https://mastodon.social/@hyzen>Mastodon</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social>hyzen@mastodon.social</a></p><p><strong>Lemmy:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today>hyzen@lemmy.today</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
+</button>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><p><strong>Admin:</strong> hyzen</p><h2 class=heading id=contacts>Contacts</h2><p><strong><a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>Email</a> and <a href=xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org>XMPP</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>hyzen@freedoms4.org</a></p><p><strong>IRC/Liberachat:</strong> hyzen, #freedoms4</p><h2 class=heading id=follow-on>Follow on</h2><p><strong><a href=https://mastodon.social/@hyzen>Mastodon</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social>hyzen@mastodon.social</a></p><p><strong>Lemmy:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today>hyzen@lemmy.today</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/css/auth-additions.css

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-/* ── Auth pages (login / signup) ───────────────────────────────────────── */
-
-.auth-page {
-	max-width: 420px;
-	margin: 0 auto;
-	padding: 1rem 0 3rem;
-}
-
-.auth-page__title {
-	margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
-}
-
-.auth-card {
-	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
-	border-radius: 10px;
-	padding: 2rem 1.75rem;
-	background: var(--background-color);
-}
-
-/* Message banner */
-.auth-message {
-	border-radius: 6px;
-	padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem;
-	font-size: 0.88rem;
-	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
-	line-height: 1.4;
-}
-
-.auth-message--error {
-	background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.12);
-	border: 1px solid rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.4);
-	color: #c0392b;
-}
-
-[data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--error {
-	color: #ff6b6b;
-	background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.18);
-	border-color: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.5);
-}
-
-.auth-message--success {
-	background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.12);
-	border: 1px solid rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.4);
-	color: #1e8449;
-}
-
-[data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--success {
-	color: #58d68d;
-	background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.18);
-	border-color: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.5);
-}
-
-/* Form fields */
-.auth-form {
-	display: flex;
-	flex-direction: column;
-	gap: 1.1rem;
-}
-
-.auth-form__group {
-	display: flex;
-	flex-direction: column;
-	gap: 0.3rem;
-}
-
-.auth-form__label {
-	font-size: 0.85rem;
-	font-weight: 600;
-	color: var(--foreground-color);
-}
-
-.auth-form__input-wrap {
-	position: relative;
-	display: flex;
-	align-items: center;
-}
-
-.auth-form__input-wrap .auth-form__input {
-	padding-right: 2.5rem;
-}
-
-.auth-form__input {
-	width: 100%;
-	box-sizing: border-box;
-	padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
-	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
-	border-radius: 5px;
-	font-size: 0.9rem;
-	background: var(--background-color);
-	color: var(--foreground-color);
-	transition:
-		border-color 0.18s ease,
-		box-shadow 0.18s ease;
-	outline: none;
-	font-family: inherit;
-}
-
-.auth-form__input:focus {
-	border-color: var(--accent-color);
-	box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(var(--accent-color-rgb, 17, 51, 233), 0.15);
-}
-
-.auth-form__input::placeholder {
-	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-	opacity: 0.7;
-}
-
-.auth-form__eye {
-	position: absolute;
-	right: 0.6rem;
-	background: none;
-	border: none;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-	display: inline-flex;
-	align-items: center;
-	padding: 0.2rem;
-	line-height: 1;
-	transition: color 0.15s ease;
-}
-
-.auth-form__eye:hover {
-	color: var(--foreground-color);
-}
-
-.auth-form__hint {
-	font-size: 0.75rem;
-	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-}
-
-/* Submit button */
-.auth-form__submit {
-	margin-top: 0.5rem;
-	width: 100%;
-	padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
-	border: none;
-	border-radius: 5px;
-	background: var(--accent-color);
-	color: var(--background-color, #fff);
-	font-size: 0.92rem;
-	font-weight: 600;
-	font-family: inherit;
-	cursor: pointer;
-	display: inline-flex;
-	align-items: center;
-	justify-content: center;
-	gap: 0.4rem;
-	transition: opacity 0.18s ease;
-}
-
-.auth-form__submit:hover:not(:disabled) {
-	opacity: 0.85;
-}
-
-.auth-form__submit:disabled {
-	cursor: not-allowed;
-	opacity: 0.6;
-}
-
-.auth-form__submit-loader {
-	display: inline-flex;
-	align-items: center;
-}
-
-/* Spinner animation */
-@keyframes auth-spin {
-	from {
-		transform: rotate(0deg);
-	}
-	to {
-		transform: rotate(360deg);
-	}
-}
-
-.spin {
-	animation: auth-spin 0.8s linear infinite;
-}
-
-/* Footer link */
-.auth-card__footer {
-	margin-top: 1.4rem;
-	text-align: center;
-	font-size: 0.85rem;
-	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-}
-
-.auth-card__link {
-	color: var(--accent-color);
-	text-decoration: none;
-	font-weight: 600;
-}
-
-.auth-card__link:hover {
-	text-decoration: underline;
-}
-
-/* Light theme override for submit button text */
-[data-theme='light'] .auth-form__submit {
-	color: #fff;
-}
-
-/* ── OTP panel ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
-
-.otp-panel__hint {
-	font-size: 0.87rem;
-	line-height: 1.5;
-	color: var(--foreground-color);
-	margin: 0;
-}
-
-.otp-panel__input {
-	letter-spacing: 0.25em;
-	font-size: 1.15rem;
-	text-align: center;
-}
-
-.otp-panel__resend {
-	font-size: 0.82rem;
-	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-	text-align: center;
-	margin: 0;
-}
-
-.otp-panel__resend-btn {
-	background: none;
-	border: none;
-	padding: 0;
-	font: inherit;
-	font-size: 0.82rem;
-	color: var(--accent-color);
-	cursor: pointer;
-	font-weight: 600;
-	text-decoration: underline;
-}
-
-.otp-panel__resend-btn:hover {
-	opacity: 0.8;
-}

docs/css/custom.css

@@ -868,3 +868,673 @@
 .brand__auth-user-btn svg {
 	flex: 0 0 auto;
 }
+/* ── Comments section ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+.comments {
+	margin-top: 1rem;
+	padding-top: 1.5rem;
+	border-top: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ddd);
+}
+
+.comments__title {
+	font-size: 1.15rem;
+	font-weight: 700;
+	margin-bottom: 2rem;
+}
+
+.comments__login-msg {
+	font-size: 0.9rem;
+	margin-bottom: 2.55rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+}
+
+.comments__empty {
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+}
+
+.comments__error {
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+	color: var(--error-color, #c0392b);
+}
+
+/* ── Comment form ── */
+
+.comment-form {
+	margin-top: 1.7rem;
+	margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
+}
+
+.comment-form__input {
+	width: 100%;
+	box-sizing: border-box;
+	padding: 0.6rem 0.8rem;
+	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
+	border-radius: 4px;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.9rem;
+	resize: none;
+	min-height: 100px;
+	outline: none;
+	transition: border-color 0.2s;
+}
+
+.comment-form__input:focus {
+	border-color: var(--accent-color);
+}
+
+.comment-form__footer {
+	display: flex;
+	justify-content: space-between;
+	align-items: center;
+	margin-top: 0.4rem;
+}
+
+.comment-form__counter {
+	font-size: 0.75rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #999);
+}
+
+.comment-form__submit {
+	padding: 0.35rem 0.9rem;
+	background: #1a73e8;
+	color: #fff;
+	border: none;
+	border-radius: 4px;
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	cursor: pointer;
+	transition:
+		opacity 0.15s,
+		background-color 0.2s ease,
+		border-color 0.2s ease,
+		color 0.2s ease;
+}
+
+[data-theme='light'] .comment-form__submit {
+	background-color: var(--accent-color);
+	border: none;
+	color: #fff;
+}
+
+.comment-form__submit:hover {
+	opacity: 0.85;
+}
+.comment-form__submit:disabled {
+	opacity: 0.5;
+	cursor: not-allowed;
+}
+
+[data-theme='dark'] .comment-form__submit {
+	background-color: transparent;
+	border: 1px solid var(--foreground-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}
+
+[data-theme='dark'] .comment-form__submit:hover:not(:disabled) {
+	background-color: var(--foreground-color);
+	border-color: var(--foreground-color);
+	color: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
+	.comment-form__submit {
+		background-color: transparent;
+		border: 1px solid var(--foreground-color);
+		color: var(--foreground-color);
+	}
+
+	.comment-form__submit:hover:not(:disabled) {
+		background-color: var(--foreground-color);
+		border-color: var(--foreground-color);
+		color: var(--background-color);
+	}
+}
+
+.comment-form__error {
+	font-size: 0.8rem;
+	color: var(--error-color, #c0392b);
+	margin-top: 0.3rem;
+	min-height: 1rem;
+}
+
+/* ── Individual comments ── */
+
+.comment {
+	margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
+	padding: 0.75rem 0.75rem 0.1rem 0.75rem;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+	border-left: 1.4px solid var(--foreground-color3);
+}
+
+.comment--reply {
+	margin-top: 0.7rem;
+	margin-left: 1.5rem;
+	padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
+}
+
+.comment__meta {
+	display: flex;
+	align-items: center;
+	gap: 0.6rem;
+	margin-bottom: 0.4rem;
+	flex-wrap: wrap;
+}
+
+.comment__author {
+	font-weight: 600;
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+}
+
+.comment__time {
+	font-size: 0.78rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #999);
+}
+
+.comment__actions {
+	margin-left: auto;
+	display: flex;
+	gap: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.comment__action {
+	background: none;
+	border: none;
+	padding: 0;
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.78rem;
+	cursor: pointer;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+	text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.comment__action:hover {
+	color: var(--accent-color);
+}
+
+.comment__action--delete:hover {
+	color: var(--error-color, #c0392b);
+}
+
+.comment__body {
+	font-size: 0.9rem;
+	line-height: 1.55;
+	margin: 0;
+	white-space: pre-wrap;
+	word-break: break-word;
+}
+
+.comment__deleted {
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #aaa);
+	font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.comment__reply-form {
+	margin-top: 0.7rem;
+}
+
+.comment__replies {
+	margin-top: 0.5rem;
+}
+/* ── Auth pages (login / signup) ───────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+.auth-page__services {
+	margin-top: 0;
+	margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
+	font-size: 0.78rem;
+	line-height: 1.45;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	display: block;
+}
+
+.services-group__title {
+	font-size: inherit;
+}
+
+.auth-page {
+	max-width: 420px;
+	margin: 2.5rem auto 0;
+	padding: 0 0 3rem;
+}
+
+.auth-page__title {
+	margin-top: 55.2px;
+	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
+	text-align: center;
+}
+
+.auth-card {
+	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
+	border-radius: 10px;
+	padding: 1.25rem 1.75rem 2rem;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+/* Message banner — always in flow; min-height reserves space so the form never shifts */
+.auth-message {
+	border-radius: 4px;
+	font-size: 0.82rem;
+	line-height: 1.4;
+	min-height: 1.8rem;
+	margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
+	box-sizing: border-box;
+	border: 1px solid transparent;
+	background: transparent;
+	opacity: 0;
+	pointer-events: none;
+	transition: opacity 0.15s ease;
+	padding: 0.25rem 0.7rem;
+}
+
+.auth-message.is-visible {
+	opacity: 1;
+	pointer-events: auto;
+}
+
+.auth-message--info {
+	background: transparent;
+	border-color: transparent;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}
+
+.auth-message--error {
+	background: rgba(255, 61, 61, 0.1);
+	border: 1px solid rgba(255, 61, 61, 0.4);
+	color: #ff3d3d;
+}
+
+[data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--error {
+	color: #ff3d3d;
+	background: rgba(255, 61, 61, 0.15);
+	border-color: rgba(255, 61, 61, 0.5);
+}
+
+.auth-message--success {
+	background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.12);
+	border: 1px solid rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.4);
+	color: #1e8449;
+}
+
+[data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--success {
+	color: #58d68d;
+	background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.18);
+	border-color: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.5);
+}
+
+/* Form fields */
+.auth-form {
+	display: flex;
+	flex-direction: column;
+	gap: 1.1rem;
+}
+
+.auth-form__group {
+	display: flex;
+	flex-direction: column;
+	gap: 0.3rem;
+}
+
+.auth-form__label {
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	font-weight: 600;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}
+
+.auth-form__group--checkbox {
+	flex-direction: row;
+	margin-top: 6px;
+}
+
+.auth-form__checkbox-label {
+	display: flex;
+	align-items: flex-start;
+	gap: 0.5rem;
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	font-weight: 400;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.footer__copyright-notice a {
+	margin-right: 5px;
+}
+
+.auth-form__checkbox {
+	margin-top: 0.2rem;
+	flex-shrink: 0;
+	width: 1rem;
+	height: 1rem;
+}
+
+.auth-form__input-wrap {
+	position: relative;
+	display: flex;
+	flex-direction: column;
+	gap: 1.1rem;
+}
+
+.auth-form__input-wrap .auth-form__input {
+	padding-right: 2.5rem;
+}
+
+.auth-form__input {
+	width: 100%;
+	box-sizing: border-box;
+	padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
+	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
+	border-radius: 5px;
+	font-size: 0.9rem;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	transition:
+		border-color 0.18s ease,
+		box-shadow 0.18s ease;
+	outline: none;
+	font-family: inherit;
+}
+
+.auth-form__input:focus {
+	border-color: var(--accent-color);
+	box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(var(--accent-color-rgb, 17, 51, 233), 0.15);
+}
+
+.auth-form__input::placeholder {
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+	opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.auth-form__eye {
+	position: absolute;
+	right: 0.6rem;
+	background: none;
+	border: none;
+	cursor: pointer;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+	display: inline-flex;
+	align-items: center;
+	padding: 0.2rem;
+	line-height: 1;
+	transition: color 0.15s ease;
+}
+
+.auth-form__eye:hover {
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}
+
+.auth-form__hint {
+	font-size: 0.75rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+}
+
+/* Submit button */
+.auth-form__submit {
+	margin-top: 0.5rem;
+	width: 100%;
+	padding: 0.6rem 1rem;
+	border: none;
+	border-radius: 5px;
+	background: var(--accent-color);
+	color: var(--background-color, #fff);
+	font-size: 0.92rem;
+	font-weight: 600;
+	font-family: inherit;
+	cursor: pointer;
+	display: inline-flex;
+	align-items: center;
+	justify-content: center;
+	gap: 0.4rem;
+	transition: opacity 0.18s ease;
+}
+
+.auth-form__submit:hover:not(:disabled) {
+	opacity: 0.85;
+}
+
+.auth-form__submit:disabled {
+	cursor: not-allowed;
+	opacity: 0.6;
+}
+
+.auth-form__submit-loader {
+	display: inline-flex;
+	align-items: center;
+}
+
+/* Spinner animation */
+@keyframes auth-spin {
+	from {
+		transform: rotate(0deg);
+	}
+	to {
+		transform: rotate(360deg);
+	}
+}
+
+.spin {
+	animation: auth-spin 0.8s linear infinite;
+}
+
+/* Footer link */
+.auth-card__footer {
+	margin-top: 1.4rem;
+	text-align: center;
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+}
+
+.auth-card__link {
+	color: var(--accent-color);
+	text-decoration: none;
+	font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.auth-card__link:hover {
+	text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+/* Light theme override for submit button text */
+[data-theme='light'] .auth-form__submit {
+	color: #fff;
+}
+
+/* ── OTP panel ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+.otp-panel__hint {
+	font-size: 0.87rem;
+	line-height: 1.5;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	margin: 0;
+}
+
+.otp-panel__input {
+	letter-spacing: 0.25em;
+	font-size: 1.15rem;
+	text-align: center;
+}
+
+.otp-panel__resend {
+	font-size: 0.82rem;
+	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
+	text-align: center;
+	margin: 0;
+}
+
+.otp-panel__resend-btn {
+	background: none;
+	border: none;
+	padding: 0;
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.82rem;
+	color: var(--accent-color);
+	cursor: pointer;
+	font-weight: 600;
+	text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.otp-panel__resend-btn:hover {
+	opacity: 0.8;
+}
+/* ── Admin dropdown link ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+.brand__auth-user-admin {
+	display: block;
+	width: 100%;
+	padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.85rem;
+	text-align: left;
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	text-decoration: none;
+	white-space: nowrap;
+}
+
+.brand__auth-user-admin:hover {
+	background: var(--background-color1);
+	color: var(--accent-color);
+}
+
+/* ── Admin user management table ─────────────────────────────────────────── */
+
+.admin-table {
+	width: 100%;
+	border-collapse: collapse;
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+	margin-top: 1rem;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+.admin-table th,
+.admin-table td {
+	padding: 0.55rem 0.75rem;
+	text-align: left;
+	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #e0e0e0);
+}
+
+.admin-table__header th {
+	font-weight: 700;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+.admin-table tr:last-child td {
+	border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+.admin-actions {
+	white-space: nowrap;
+	display: flex;
+	gap: 0.4rem;
+}
+
+.admin-badge {
+	display: inline-block;
+	padding: 0.15rem 0.5rem;
+	border-radius: 3px;
+	font-size: 0.75rem;
+	font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.admin-badge--active {
+	background: #d4edda;
+	color: #155724;
+}
+.admin-badge--blocked {
+	background: #f8d7da;
+	color: #721c24;
+}
+
+.admin-search {
+	display: block;
+	max-width: 32rem;
+	margin-top: 1rem;
+}
+
+.admin-search__label {
+	display: block;
+	margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+	font-weight: 600;
+}
+
+.admin-search__input {
+	box-sizing: border-box;
+	width: 100%;
+	padding: 0.55rem 0.7rem;
+	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc);
+	border-radius: 4px;
+	background: var(--background-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+	font: inherit;
+}
+
+.admin-btn {
+	padding: 0.25rem 0.65rem;
+	border: none;
+	border-radius: 4px;
+	font: inherit;
+	font-size: 0.78rem;
+	cursor: pointer;
+	font-weight: 600;
+	transition: opacity 0.15s;
+}
+
+.admin-btn:disabled {
+	opacity: 0.5;
+	cursor: not-allowed;
+}
+
+.admin-btn--block {
+	background: #ffc107;
+	color: #333;
+}
+.admin-btn--unblock {
+	background: #28a745;
+	color: #fff;
+}
+.admin-btn--delete {
+	background: #dc3545;
+	color: #fff;
+}
+
+.admin-btn:not(:disabled):hover {
+	opacity: 0.85;
+}
+
+.admin-error {
+	color: var(--error-color, #c0392b);
+	font-size: 0.88rem;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 600px) {
+	.admin-table {
+		display: block;
+		overflow-x: auto;
+		-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
+	}
+
+	.admin-table th,
+	.admin-table td {
+		padding: 0.4rem 0.5rem;
+		font-size: 0.78rem;
+	}
+
+	.admin-btn {
+		padding: 0.2rem 0.45rem;
+		font-size: 0.72rem;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Markdown tables (uninotes, blog posts, etc.): match page background
+   and use the normal text color for borders, instead of the theme's
+   grey/white box styling meant for blockquotes/code blocks. */
+table {
+	background-color: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+td,
+th {
+	border: 1px solid var(--foreground-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}

docs/index.xml

@@ -1,456 +1,22 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Email</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</guid><description>Get a private email account.</description></item><item><title>XMPP</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</guid><description>Get an XMPP account.</description></item><item><title>File Share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
+share.freedoms4.org↗
+&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Politics.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;Education as a concept/implementation/system is good.
-Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming Soon</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This feature is not yet available. Check back later!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Contact</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="contacts"&gt;
- Contacts&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#contacts"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;XMPP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IRC/Liberachat:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen, #freedoms4&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="follow-on"&gt;
- Follow on&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#follow-on"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://mastodon.social/@hyzen"&gt;Mastodon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social"&gt;hyzen@mastodon.social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemmy:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today"&gt;hyzen@lemmy.today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>File share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
-share.freedoms4.org↗
-&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Login</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/login/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/login/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Sign Up</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>XMPP Account</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</guid><description>&lt;div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JID:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span id="xmpp-jid"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Password:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the same password that you used during registration.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;Please &lt;a href="https://freedoms4.org/signup/"&gt;sign up&lt;/a&gt; to create an XMPP account.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;script&gt;
-(function () {
- var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
- if (username) {
- document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
- document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
- } else {
- document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
- }
-})();
-&lt;/script&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/js/session-check.js

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
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+	if (window.location.pathname.indexOf('/uninotes/') === 0) {
+		if (localStorage.getItem('f4_username') !== 'hyzen') {
+			sessionStorage.setItem('f4_login_next', window.location.pathname);
+			window.location.replace('/login/');
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+
+	var path = window.location.pathname;
+	if (path === '/login/' || path === '/signup/') return;
+
+	// ── Save current page before navigating to login/signup ──
+	document.querySelectorAll('a[href="/login/"], a[href="/signup/"]').forEach(function (a) {
+		a.addEventListener('click', function () {
+			sessionStorage.setItem('f4_login_next', path);
+		});
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+	// ── Validate session on every page load ──
+	if (!localStorage.getItem('f4_username')) return;
+
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+	var loginTime = parseInt(localStorage.getItem('f4_login_time') || '0', 10);
+	if (Date.now() - loginTime < 5000) return;
+
+	fetch('https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php', {
+		method: 'POST',
+		headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+		credentials: 'include',
+		body: JSON.stringify({ action: 'check_session' }),
+	})
+		.then(function (r) {
+			return r.json();
+		})
+		.then(function (data) {
+			if (!data.valid) {
+				// Session invalid — clear localStorage and reload to update UI
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_username');
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_login_time');
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_session_fails');
+				window.location.reload();
+			} else {
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_session_fails');
+			}
+		})
+		.catch(function () {
+			// Backend unreachable — do NOT log out, just ignore silently
+		});
+})();

docs/privacy/index.xml

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docs/semester/index.html

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docs/services/email/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Email | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/email/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Email"><meta property="og:description" content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="Email"><meta itemprop=description content="Get a private email account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="72"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
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+<label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
+<a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
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+› <span>Email</span></nav><h1>Email</h1><div id=email-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id=email-address></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=email-loggedout style=display:none><p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p><p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an email account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("email-address").textContent=e+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("email-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("email-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp/>XMPP →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/services/file-share/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>File share | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="File share"><meta property="og:description" content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="File share"><meta itemprop=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="10"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>File Share | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="File Share"><meta property="og:description" content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="File Share"><meta itemprop=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="10"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
 <svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
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@@ -6,5 +6,7 @@
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
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-› <span>File share</span></nav><h1>File share</h1><p>Visit <a href=https://share.freedoms4.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">share.freedoms4.org↗
-</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP Account →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+› <span>File Share</span></nav><h1>File Share</h1><p>Visit <a href=https://share.freedoms4.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">share.freedoms4.org↗
+</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/xmpp/>← XMPP</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/index.html

@@ -5,4 +5,6 @@
 <a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a></nav><h1>Services</h1><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/file-share/>File share</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP Account</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/services/xmpp-account/index.html

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP Account | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" JID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
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docs/services/xmpp/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="XMPP"><meta property="og:description" content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="XMPP"><meta itemprop=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="102"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+› <span>XMPP</span></nav><h1>XMPP</h1><div id=xmpp-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id=xmpp-jid></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=xmpp-loggedout style=display:none><p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p><p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("xmpp-jid").textContent=e.toLowerCase()+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/email/>← Email</a>
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docs/tags/academics/index.html

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+<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Academics</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/tags/academics/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/tags/education/index.html

@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@
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-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
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+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
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+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/blog/>Blog</a>
 › <a href=/categories/>Categories</a>
 › <span>Education</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> |
-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Education</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Education</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/tags/education/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

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+<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>System</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/tags/system/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/terms/index.xml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Terms and Conditions on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/terms/</link><description>Recent content in Terms and Conditions on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/terms/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/index.html

@@ -4,10 +4,13 @@
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
 <a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></nav><h1>UniNotes</h1><h3 class=uninotes-contents-heading>Contents</h3><div class=uninotes-contents><div class=uninotes-contents__semester><a class=uninotes-contents__sem-link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
+</button>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></nav><h1>UniNotes</h1><h3 class=uninotes-contents-heading>Contents</h3><div class=uninotes-contents><div class=uninotes-contents__semester><a class=uninotes-contents__sem-link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
-<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
 <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/>Self</a>
 <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -35,4 +38,6 @@
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/>Self</a>
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+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.html

@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
-<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
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+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
+<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml

@@ -1,151 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,50 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.html

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
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 › <span>Unit 11</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml

@@ -1,39 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 11 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 11 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 11 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 11 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.html

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.xml

@@ -1,8 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 12, 2026 # Primary Sector # The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.
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-Secondary Sector # The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 2"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 # Primary Sector # The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.
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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 12, 2026 Primary Sector The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector</h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml

@@ -1,57 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html

@@ -1,38 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="254"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
 monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
 Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
+all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
+(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
 purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html

@@ -4,8 +4,12 @@
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
+<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml

@@ -1,114 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.html

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 › <span>Unit 1</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,42 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.xml

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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 12 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 12 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml

@@ -1,23 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/index.html

@@ -1,43 +1,46 @@
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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 12, 2026 Types of Utility A) Form Utility
 B) Place
 C) Time
 D) Possession
-Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility # Law of Equi-Marginal Utility # Law of Demand # Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
+Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility Law of Equi-Marginal Utility Law of Demand Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
+Exceptions of Law of Demand A) Assumption of increase in price.
 B) Status goods or Veblen goods.
 C) Giffen goods.
 D) War.
-E) Economic depression. F) Essential goods."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 2"><meta property="og:description" content="April 12, 2026 # Types of Utility # A) Form Utility
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 B) Place
 C) Time
 D) Possession
-Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility # Law of Equi-Marginal Utility # Law of Demand # Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
+Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility Law of Equi-Marginal Utility Law of Demand Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
+Exceptions of Law of Demand A) Assumption of increase in price.
 B) Status goods or Veblen goods.
 C) Giffen goods.
 D) War.
-E) Economic depression. F) Essential goods."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 2"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 # Types of Utility # A) Form Utility
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 B) Place
 C) Time
 D) Possession
-Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility # Law of Equi-Marginal Utility # Law of Demand # Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
+Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility Law of Equi-Marginal Utility Law of Demand Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
+Exceptions of Law of Demand A) Assumption of increase in price.
 B) Status goods or Veblen goods.
 C) Giffen goods.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
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+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility</h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand</h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
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-Implicit Cost # Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 5"><meta itemprop=description content="May 01, 2026 # Explicit Cost # Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
-Implicit Cost # Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="332"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 5"><meta property="og:description" content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a> ›
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function</h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost</h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost</h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 6</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml

@@ -1,12 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 6 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 6 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 6 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 6 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.html

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 › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
 › <span>Unit 7</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 7 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 7 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 7 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 7 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/index.html

@@ -1,33 +1,39 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 7 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 08, 2026 # Types of Capital # A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 7 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
 C) Working Capital.
 D) Gross Working Capital.
 E) Net Working Capital.
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+Types of Revenue A) Operating Revenue Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+C) Net Revenue The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 7"><meta property="og:description" content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
 C) Working Capital.
 D) Gross Working Capital.
 E) Net Working Capital.
 F) Net Operating Working Capital.
-Types of Revenue # A) Operating Revenue # Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue # Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 7"><meta itemprop=description content="May 08, 2026 # Types of Capital # A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
+Types of Revenue A) Operating Revenue Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+C) Net Revenue The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 7"><meta itemprop=description content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
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 D) Gross Working Capital.
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital</h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses</h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent</h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.html

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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>GE DCM1106</span></nav><h1>GE DCM1106</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.xml

@@ -1,17 +1 @@
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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/</link><description>Recent content in GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a> ›
+<span>QNA</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>GE DCM1106</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--qna">QNA</span></div><h1>QNA</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#june-24-2026><em><strong>June 24, 2026</strong></em></a></li><li><a href=#model-question-paper-5-marks-200-250-words>Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)</a></li><li><a href=#questions-from-previous-year-question-papers-10-marks>Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks</a></li><li><a href=#unit-1-long-answer-400-500-words>Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)</a></li><li><a href=#unit-1-short-answer>Unit 1 Short Answer</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=june-24-2026><em><strong>June 24, 2026</strong></em></h3><h3 class=heading id=model-question-paper-5-marks-200-250-words>Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)</h3><p><strong>1. Discuss the difference between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.</strong></p><p><strong>Ans.</strong></p><h3 class=heading id=questions-from-previous-year-question-papers-10-marks>Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks</h3><h3 class=heading id=unit-1-long-answer-400-500-words>Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)</h3><h3 class=heading id=unit-1-short-answer>Unit 1 Short Answer</h3><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>← Unit 1</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.html

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
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+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
 › <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
 › <a href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a>
 › <span>Unit 1</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>GE DCM1106</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>GE DCM1106</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,17 +1 @@
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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

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 I) Evolutionary.
 J) Symbolic.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-theories>#</a></span></h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories</h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/index.xml

@@ -1,405 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>S1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/</link><description>Recent content in S1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>S1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/</link><description>Recent content in S1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.html

@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@
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-› <span>PBM DCM1110</span></nav><h1>PBM DCM1110</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>← BO DCM1109</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,r,a=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");a&&(a.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),r=document.createElement("span"),r.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(r.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),i=document.createElement("div"),i.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="brand__auth-user-logout",o.textContent="Log Out",o.addEventListener("click",s),i.appendChild(o),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(i),a.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>PBM DCM1110</span></nav><h1>PBM DCM1110</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>← BO DCM1109</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml

@@ -1,126 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/</link><description>Recent content in PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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