Update: QNA BO

LICENSE

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+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
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+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+

changelog/_index.md

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 title: "Changelog"
 ---
 
+[21-06-2026]
+- ***Update: Email and XMPP pages.***
+
 [13-06-2026]
 - ***Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy.***
 - ***Add: Backend repository link.***

content/_index.md

@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.
 ### Site's Code:
 
 <p style="text-indent: 1.185em;">
-This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗</a> and backend <a href="https://github.com/hyzendust/freedoms4-backend-public.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
+This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗</a> and backend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/freedoms4-backend-public.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
 </p>

content/services/email.md

@@ -3,17 +3,18 @@ draft = false
 title = 'Email'
 weight = 1
 registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get a private email account.'
 +++
 
 <div id="email-loggedin" style="display:none">
   <p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id="email-address"></span></p>
   <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
 </div>
-
 <div id="email-loggedout" style="display:none">
-  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to create an email account.</p>
+  <p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p>
+  <p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an email account.</p>
 </div>
-
 <script>
 (function () {
   var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');

content/services/xmpp-account.md

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-+++
-draft = false
-title = 'XMPP'
-weight = 2
-registration-needed = true
-+++
-
-<div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none">
-  <p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id="xmpp-jid"></span></p>
-  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none">
-  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to create an XMPP account.</p>
-</div>
-
-<script>
-(function () {
-  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
-  if (username) {
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
-  } else {
-    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
-  }
-})();
-</script>

content/services/xmpp.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'XMPP'
+weight = 2
+registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get an XMPP account.'
++++
+
+<div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none">
+  <p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id="xmpp-jid"></span></p>
+  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none">
+  <p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p>
+  <p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p>
+</div>
+<script>
+(function () {
+  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
+  if (username) {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username.toLowerCase() + '@freedoms4.org';
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
+  } else {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
+  }
+})();
+</script>

content/uninotes/ge-dcm1106-qna.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['GE DCM1106']
+unit = 'QNA'
+title = 'GE DCM1106 QNA'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/'
++++
+
+### ***June 24, 2026***
+
+### Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)
+
+**1. Discuss the difference between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.**
+
+**Ans.**
+
+### Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks
+
+### Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)
+
+### Unit 1 Short Answer

docs/admin/index.html

@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><div id=admin-gate style=display:none><p>You do not have permission to access this page.</p></div><div id=admin-panel style=display:none><h1>User Management</h1><label class=admin-search for=admin-user-search><span class=admin-search__label>Search users</span>
-<input id=admin-user-search class=admin-search__input type=search placeholder="Search by username or email" autocomplete=off></label><div id=admin-msg class=auth-message style=display:none aria-live=polite></div><div id=admin-table-wrap></div></div><script>(function(){var r="https://backend.freedoms4.org/admin.php",l=localStorage.getItem("f4_username"),u=document.getElementById("admin-gate"),d=document.getElementById("admin-panel"),s=document.getElementById("admin-msg"),e=document.getElementById("admin-table-wrap"),a=document.getElementById("admin-user-search"),t=[];if(l!=="hyzen"){u.style.display="";return}d.style.display="";function i(e,t){s.textContent=e,s.className="auth-message auth-message--"+t,s.style.display="block",setTimeout(function(){s.style.display="none"},3e3)}function n(e){return String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;")}function h(s){if(!s.length){e.innerHTML="<p>No matching users found.</p>";return}var a='<table class="admin-table"><tbody><tr class="admin-table__header"><th>#</th><th>Username</th><th>Email</th><th>Joined</th><th>Status</th><th>Actions</th></tr>';function l(e){var s=new Date(e.created_at).toLocaleDateString(),t=e.blocked===!0||e.blocked==="t"||e.blocked==="1",o=t?'<span class="admin-badge admin-badge--blocked">Blocked</span>':'<span class="admin-badge admin-badge--active">Active</span>',i=t?'<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--unblock" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-action="unblock_user">Unblock</button>':'<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--block" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-action="block_user">Block</button>',a='<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--delete" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-username="'+n(e.username)+'" data-action="delete_user">Delete Records</button>';return'<tr id="user-row-'+e.id+'"><td>'+e.id+"</td><td>"+n(e.username)+"</td><td>"+n(e.email)+"</td><td>"+s+"</td><td>"+o+'</td><td class="admin-actions">'+i+" "+a+"</td></tr>"}s.forEach(function(e){a+=l(e)}),a+="</tbody></table>",e.innerHTML=a,e.querySelectorAll("[data-action]").forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",function(){var n=e.dataset.action,s=parseInt(e.dataset.id,10),a=e.dataset.username||"";if(n==="delete_user"){if(!confirm('Permanently delete user "'+a+'"? This cannot be undone.'))return}else if(n==="block_user"&&!confirm("This will permanently delete the user's email history and cannot be undone"))return;e.disabled=!0,fetch(r,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:n,user_id:s})}).then(function(e){return e.json()}).then(function(a){a.success?n==="delete_user"?(t=t.filter(function(e){return Number(e.id)!==s}),o(),i("User deleted.","success")):c():(i(a.message||"Action failed.","error"),e.disabled=!1)}).catch(function(){i("Network error.","error"),e.disabled=!1})})})}function c(){e.innerHTML="<p>Loading&hellip;</p>",fetch(r+"?action=list_users",{credentials:"include"}).then(function(e){return e.json()}).then(function(s){s.success?(t=s.users,o()):e.innerHTML='<p class="admin-error">'+n(s.message||"Failed to load users.")+"</p>"}).catch(function(){e.innerHTML='<p class="admin-error">Network error.</p>'})}function o(){var e=a.value.trim().toLowerCase(),n=t.filter(function(t){return t.username!==l&&(!e||String(t.username).toLowerCase().includes(e)||String(t.email).toLowerCase().includes(e))});h(n)}a.addEventListener("input",o),c()})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<input id=admin-user-search class=admin-search__input type=search placeholder="Search by username or email" autocomplete=off></label><div id=admin-msg class=auth-message style=display:none aria-live=polite></div><div id=admin-table-wrap></div></div><script>(function(){var r="https://backend.freedoms4.org/admin.php",l=localStorage.getItem("f4_username"),u=document.getElementById("admin-gate"),d=document.getElementById("admin-panel"),s=document.getElementById("admin-msg"),e=document.getElementById("admin-table-wrap"),a=document.getElementById("admin-user-search"),t=[];if(l!=="hyzen"){u.style.display="";return}d.style.display="";function i(e,t){s.textContent=e,s.className="auth-message auth-message--"+t,s.style.display="block",setTimeout(function(){s.style.display="none"},3e3)}function n(e){return String(e).replace(/&/g,"&amp;").replace(/</g,"&lt;").replace(/>/g,"&gt;")}function h(s){if(!s.length){e.innerHTML="<p>No matching users found.</p>";return}var a='<table class="admin-table"><tbody><tr class="admin-table__header"><th>#</th><th>Username</th><th>Email</th><th>Joined</th><th>Status</th><th>Actions</th></tr>';function l(e){var s=new Date(e.created_at).toLocaleDateString("en-GB"),t=e.blocked===!0||e.blocked==="t"||e.blocked==="1",o=t?'<span class="admin-badge admin-badge--blocked">Blocked</span>':'<span class="admin-badge admin-badge--active">Active</span>',i=t?'<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--unblock" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-action="unblock_user">Unblock</button>':'<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--block" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-action="block_user">Block</button>',a='<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--delete" data-id="'+e.id+'" data-username="'+n(e.username)+'" data-action="delete_user">Delete Records</button>';return'<tr id="user-row-'+e.id+'"><td>'+e.id+"</td><td>"+n(e.username)+"</td><td>"+n(e.email)+"</td><td>"+s+"</td><td>"+o+'</td><td class="admin-actions">'+i+" "+a+"</td></tr>"}s.forEach(function(e){a+=l(e)}),a+="</tbody></table>",e.innerHTML=a,e.querySelectorAll("[data-action]").forEach(function(e){e.addEventListener("click",function(){var n=e.dataset.action,s=parseInt(e.dataset.id,10),a=e.dataset.username||"";if(n==="delete_user"){if(!confirm("Permanently delete user "+a+"? This cannot be undone."))return}else if(n==="block_user"&&!confirm("This will permanently delete the user's email history and cannot be undone."))return;e.disabled=!0,fetch(r,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:n,user_id:s})}).then(function(e){return e.json()}).then(function(a){a.success?n==="delete_user"?(t=t.filter(function(e){return Number(e.id)!==s}),o(),i("User deleted.","success")):c():(i(a.message||"Action failed.","error"),e.disabled=!1)}).catch(function(){i("Network error.","error"),e.disabled=!1})})})}function c(){e.innerHTML="<p>Loading&hellip;</p>",fetch(r+"?action=list_users",{credentials:"include"}).then(function(e){return e.json()}).then(function(s){s.success?(t=s.users,o()):e.innerHTML='<p class="admin-error">'+n(s.message||"Failed to load users.")+"</p>"}).catch(function(){e.innerHTML='<p class="admin-error">Network error.</p>'})}function o(){var e=a.value.trim().toLowerCase(),n=t.filter(function(t){return t.username!==l&&(!e||String(t.username).toLowerCase().includes(e)||String(t.email).toLowerCase().includes(e))});h(n)}a.addEventListener("input",o),c()})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/blog/index.html

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
-Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/blog/>Blog</a></nav><h1>All Posts | <a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2 class=home-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><p class=summary>What is Education? # Education simply means “learning”. It’s a natural process.
-Ratio of components in Education: # 50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% …</p><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/blog/>Blog</a></nav><h1>All Posts | <a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2 class=home-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><p class=summary>What is Education? Education simply means “learning”. It’s a natural process.
+Ratio of components in Education: 50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% …</p><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/blog/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/categories/philosophy/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/changelog/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Changelog | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="[13-06-2026]
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Changelog | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="[21-06-2026]
+Update: Email and XMPP pages. [13-06-2026]
 Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy. Add: Backend repository link. [10-06-2026]
 Add: Comments on blogposts. [08-06-2026]
 Add: Email registration on the website. [07-06-2026]
@@ -6,7 +7,8 @@ Add: XMPP registration on the website. [06-06-2026]
 Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
 Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
 Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
-Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/changelog/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Changelog"><meta property="og:description" content="[13-06-2026]
+Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/changelog/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Changelog"><meta property="og:description" content="[21-06-2026]
+Update: Email and XMPP pages. [13-06-2026]
 Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy. Add: Backend repository link. [10-06-2026]
 Add: Comments on blogposts. [08-06-2026]
 Add: Email registration on the website. [07-06-2026]
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ Add: XMPP registration on the website. [06-06-2026]
 Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
 Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
 Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
-Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Changelog"><meta itemprop=description content="[13-06-2026]
+Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Changelog"><meta itemprop=description content="[21-06-2026]
+Update: Email and XMPP pages. [13-06-2026]
 Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy. Add: Backend repository link. [10-06-2026]
 Add: Comments on blogposts. [08-06-2026]
 Add: Email registration on the website. [07-06-2026]
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ Add: XMPP registration on the website. [06-06-2026]
 Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
 Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
 Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
-Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="54"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/changelog/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="60"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/changelog/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
-Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1>Changelog</h1><p>[13-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy.</strong></em></li><li><em><strong>Add: Backend repository link.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[10-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Comments on blogposts.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[08-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Email registration on the website.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[07-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: XMPP registration on the website.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[06-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: OTP verification during sign up.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[05-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Update: Buttons restructure.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[04-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Login/Log Out.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[14-04-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Changelog page.</strong></em></li><li><em><strong>Remove: Year from footer copyright.</strong></em></li></ul></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1>Changelog</h1><p>[21-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Update: Email and XMPP pages.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[13-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy.</strong></em></li><li><em><strong>Add: Backend repository link.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[10-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Comments on blogposts.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[08-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Email registration on the website.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[07-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: XMPP registration on the website.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[06-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: OTP verification during sign up.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[05-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Update: Buttons restructure.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[04-06-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Login/Log Out.</strong></em></li></ul><p>[14-04-2026]</p><ul><li><em><strong>Add: Changelog page.</strong></em></li><li><em><strong>Remove: Year from footer copyright.</strong></em></li></ul></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/contact/index.html

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 <!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Contact | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Admin: hyzen
-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
 Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/contact/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Contact"><meta property="og:description" content="Admin: hyzen
-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
 Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta itemprop=name content="Contact"><meta itemprop=description content="Admin: hyzen
-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
-Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="18"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="16"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
 <svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
 <svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="18"><link rel=styles
 All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
-Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><p><strong>Admin:</strong> hyzen</p><h2 class=heading id=contacts>Contacts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contacts>#</a></span></h2><p><strong><a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>Email</a> and <a href=xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org>XMPP</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>hyzen@freedoms4.org</a></p><p><strong>IRC/Liberachat:</strong> hyzen, #freedoms4</p><h2 class=heading id=follow-on>Follow on<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#follow-on>#</a></span></h2><p><strong><a href=https://mastodon.social/@hyzen>Mastodon</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social>hyzen@mastodon.social</a></p><p><strong>Lemmy:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today>hyzen@lemmy.today</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><p><strong>Admin:</strong> hyzen</p><h2 class=heading id=contacts>Contacts</h2><p><strong><a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>Email</a> and <a href=xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org>XMPP</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>hyzen@freedoms4.org</a></p><p><strong>IRC/Liberachat:</strong> hyzen, #freedoms4</p><h2 class=heading id=follow-on>Follow on</h2><p><strong><a href=https://mastodon.social/@hyzen>Mastodon</a>:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social>hyzen@mastodon.social</a></p><p><strong>Lemmy:</strong> <a href=mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today>hyzen@lemmy.today</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/css/custom.css

@@ -879,14 +879,13 @@
 .comments__title {
 	font-size: 1.15rem;
 	font-weight: 700;
-	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
+	margin-bottom: 2rem;
 }
 
 .comments__login-msg {
 	font-size: 0.9rem;
-	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
+	margin-bottom: 2.55rem;
 	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-	padding-top: 0.06rem;
 }
 
 .comments__empty {
@@ -1005,17 +1004,15 @@
 
 .comment {
 	margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
-	padding: 0.75rem 0.9rem 0 0.9rem;
-	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #e0e0e0);
-	border-radius: 6px;
+	padding: 0.75rem 0.75rem 0.1rem 0.75rem;
 	background: var(--background-color);
+	border-left: 1.4px solid var(--foreground-color3);
 }
 
 .comment--reply {
 	margin-top: 0.7rem;
 	margin-left: 1.5rem;
-	border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-color);
-	border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
+	padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
 }
 
 .comment__meta {
@@ -1528,3 +1525,16 @@
 		font-size: 0.72rem;
 	}
 }
+
+/* Markdown tables (uninotes, blog posts, etc.): match page background
+   and use the normal text color for borders, instead of the theme's
+   grey/white box styling meant for blockquotes/code blocks. */
+table {
+	background-color: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+td,
+th {
+	border: 1px solid var(--foreground-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}

docs/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.157.0"><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Home"><meta property="og:description" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Home"><meta itemprop=description content="Freedoms4"><meta itemprop=datePublished content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=dateModified content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="201"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta name=generator content="Hugo 0.163.3"><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Home"><meta property="og:description" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Home"><meta itemprop=description content="Freedoms4"><meta itemprop=datePublished content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=dateModified content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="197"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@
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-Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1 class=heading id=namaste->Namaste 🙏<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#namaste->#</a></span></h1><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My name is <b>hyzen</b>, I'm the founder of this site. This site is my space to write about my views on various subjects and explore ideas that matter to me. I also provide free <a href=/services/>services</a> to the public that may matter to them.</p><h3 class=heading id=on-the-blog-im-writing-about>On the <a href=/blog/>blog</a> I&rsquo;m writing about:<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#on-the-blog-im-writing-about>#</a></span></h3><ul><li><strong>Tech</strong> - Free and Open-Source Software, digital freedom.</li><li><strong>Philosophy</strong> - Reflections on ideas, ethics, meaning, and ways of thinking.</li><li><strong>Communism</strong> - I believe in Marxism. I am committed to the principle of providing internet services in a <b>socialist way</b>. This means creating tools and spaces that prioritize community benefit over profit, and believing in the collective good.</li><li><strong>Politics as a whole</strong> - Commentary on political systems, economics, and social issues.</li></ul><p style=text-indent:1.185em>Beyond theoretical discussions, I may also write about my day-to-day experiences, thoughts, and feelings - the personal reflections that shape my worldview and understanding of the world around me.</p><h3 class=heading id=motive>Motive:<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#motive>#</a></span></h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.</p><h3 class=heading id=sites-code>Site&rsquo;s Code:<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#sites-code>#</a></span></h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href=https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗</a> and backend <a href=https://github.com/hyzendust/freedoms4-backend-public.git target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗.</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1 class=heading id=namaste->Namaste 🙏</h1><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My name is <b>hyzen</b>, I'm the founder of this site. This site is my space to write about my views on various subjects and explore ideas that matter to me. I also provide free <a href=/services/>services</a> to the public that may matter to them.</p><h3 class=heading id=on-the-blog-im-writing-about>On the <a href=/blog/>blog</a> I&rsquo;m writing about:</h3><ul><li><strong>Tech</strong> - Free and Open-Source Software, digital freedom.</li><li><strong>Philosophy</strong> - Reflections on ideas, ethics, meaning, and ways of thinking.</li><li><strong>Communism</strong> - I believe in Marxism. I am committed to the principle of providing internet services in a <b>socialist way</b>. This means creating tools and spaces that prioritize community benefit over profit, and believing in the collective good.</li><li><strong>Politics as a whole</strong> - Commentary on political systems, economics, and social issues.</li></ul><p style=text-indent:1.185em>Beyond theoretical discussions, I may also write about my day-to-day experiences, thoughts, and feelings - the personal reflections that shape my worldview and understanding of the world around me.</p><h3 class=heading id=motive>Motive:</h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.</p><h3 class=heading id=sites-code>Site&rsquo;s Code:</h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href=https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗</a> and backend <a href=https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/freedoms4-backend-public.git target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗.</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/index.xml

@@ -1,473 +1,22 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Email</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/email-account/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/email-account/</guid><description>&lt;div id="email-loggedin" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Email ID:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span id="email-address"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Password:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the same password that you used during registration.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;div id="email-loggedout" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;Please &lt;a href="https://freedoms4.org/signup/"&gt;sign up&lt;/a&gt; to create an email account.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;script&gt;
-(function () {
- var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
- if (username) {
- document.getElementById('email-address').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
- document.getElementById('email-loggedin').style.display = '';
- } else {
- document.getElementById('email-loggedout').style.display = '';
- }
-})();
-&lt;/script&gt;</description></item><item><title>XMPP</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</guid><description>&lt;div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;JID:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;span id="xmpp-jid"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Password:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the same password that you used during registration.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none"&gt;
- &lt;p&gt;Please &lt;a href="https://freedoms4.org/signup/"&gt;sign up&lt;/a&gt; to create an XMPP account.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/div&gt;
-&lt;script&gt;
-(function () {
- var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
- if (username) {
- document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
- document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
- } else {
- document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
- }
-})();
-&lt;/script&gt;</description></item><item><title>File Share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Email</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</guid><description>Get a private email account.</description></item><item><title>XMPP</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</guid><description>Get an XMPP account.</description></item><item><title>File Share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
 share.freedoms4.org↗
-&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Politics.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;Education as a concept/implementation/system is good.
-Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming Soon</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This feature is not yet available. Check back later!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Contact</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="contacts"&gt;
- Contacts&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#contacts"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;XMPP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IRC/Liberachat:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen, #freedoms4&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="follow-on"&gt;
- Follow on&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#follow-on"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://mastodon.social/@hyzen"&gt;Mastodon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social"&gt;hyzen@mastodon.social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemmy:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today"&gt;hyzen@lemmy.today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Login</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/login/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/login/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Sign Up</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>User Management</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/admin/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/admin/</guid><description/></item></channel></rss>
+Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

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-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
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-› <span>Categories</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> | Categories</h1><section class=term-list><h2 class=term-list__item><a class=term-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1 (16)</a></h2></section></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/blog/>Blog</a>
+› <span>Categories</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> | Categories</h1><section class=term-list><h2 class=term-list__item><a class=term-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1 (20)</a></h2></section></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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-<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/services/email/index.html

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Email | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" Email ID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an email account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/email-account/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Email"><meta property="og:description" content="Email ID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an email account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="Email"><meta itemprop=description content="Email ID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an email account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="20"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Email | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/email/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Email"><meta property="og:description" content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="Email"><meta itemprop=description content="Get a private email account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="72"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
 <svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
 <svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
@@ -9,6 +6,6 @@ Please sign up to create an email account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="20
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a>
-› <span>Email</span></nav><h1>Email</h1><div id=email-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id=email-address></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=email-loggedout style=display:none><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to create an email account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("email-address").textContent=e+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("email-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("email-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+› <span>Email</span></nav><h1>Email</h1><div id=email-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id=email-address></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=email-loggedout style=display:none><p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p><p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an email account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("email-address").textContent=e+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("email-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("email-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp/>XMPP →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/file-share/index.html

@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a>
 › <span>File Share</span></nav><h1>File Share</h1><p>Visit <a href=https://share.freedoms4.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">share.freedoms4.org↗
-</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/xmpp-account/>← XMPP</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/xmpp/>← XMPP</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/index.html

@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@
 <a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a></nav><h1>Services</h1><h2 class=services-group__title>Need Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/email-account/>Email</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP</a></li></ol><h2 class=services-group__title>Without Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/file-share/>File Share</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a></nav><h1>Services</h1><h2 class=services-group__title>Need Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/email/>Email</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/xmpp/>XMPP</a></li></ol><h2 class=services-group__title>Without Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/file-share/>File Share</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/xmpp/index.html

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" JID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an XMPP account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="XMPP"><meta property="og:description" content="JID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an XMPP account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="XMPP"><meta itemprop=description content="JID: Password: Use the same password that you used during registration.
-Please sign up to create an XMPP account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="19"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="XMPP"><meta property="og:description" content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="XMPP"><meta itemprop=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="102"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
 <svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
 <svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
@@ -9,7 +6,7 @@ Please sign up to create an XMPP account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="19"
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
 <span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a>
-› <span>XMPP</span></nav><h1>XMPP</h1><div id=xmpp-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id=xmpp-jid></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=xmpp-loggedout style=display:none><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to create an XMPP account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("xmpp-jid").textContent=e+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/email-account/>← Email</a>
+› <span>XMPP</span></nav><h1>XMPP</h1><div id=xmpp-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id=xmpp-jid></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=xmpp-loggedout style=display:none><p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p><p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("xmpp-jid").textContent=e.toLowerCase()+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/email/>← Email</a>
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docs/subjectcode/index.html

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+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/tags/academics/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/tags/education/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/tags/system/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/uninotes/index.html

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ All updates
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></nav><h1>UniNotes</h1><h3 class=uninotes-contents-heading>Contents</h3><div class=uninotes-contents><div class=uninotes-contents__semester><a class=uninotes-contents__sem-link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
-<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
 <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/>Self</a>
 <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.html

@@ -4,10 +4,12 @@
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
 <a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml

@@ -1,151 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
 B) Continuous Activity.
 C) Profit Motive.
 D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
 F) Risk and Uncertainty.
 G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
 H) Global.
-Concept # A) Value Creation.
+Concept A) Value Creation.
 B) Profit.
 C) Social.
 D) Organised.
 E) Dynanic.
-Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
+Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
 B) Input-Process-Output Model.
 C) Open System.
-D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
+D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
 B) Continuous Activity.
 C) Profit Motive.
 D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
 F) Risk and Uncertainty.
 G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
 H) Global.
-Concept # A) Value Creation.
+Concept A) Value Creation.
 B) Profit.
 C) Social.
 D) Organised.
 E) Dynanic.
-Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
+Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
 B) Input-Process-Output Model.
 C) Open System.
-D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
+D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
 B) Continuous Activity.
 C) Profit Motive.
 D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
 F) Risk and Uncertainty.
 G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
 H) Global.
-Concept # A) Value Creation.
+Concept A) Value Creation.
 B) Profit.
 C) Social.
 D) Organised.
 E) Dynanic.
-Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
+Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
 B) Input-Process-Output Model.
 C) Open System.
-D) Dynamic Nature."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="177"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-6-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#concept>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-industry>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-commerce>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-as-a-system>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-input-process-output-model>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-and-environment-interface>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#objectives-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>#</a></span></h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept</h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry</h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce</h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System</h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml

@@ -1,39 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 11 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 11 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 11 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 11 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
 a. Trust
 b. Holding Companies
 c. Community of Interest
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
 a. Mergers
 b. Acquisition
 c. Amalgamation
-Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
+A) Vertical A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
 a. Trust
 b. Holding Companies
 c. Community of Interest
@@ -14,7 +15,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
 a. Mergers
 b. Acquisition
 c. Amalgamation
-Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><meta itemprop=description content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
+A) Vertical A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><meta itemprop=description content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
 a. Trust
 b. Holding Companies
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@@ -22,7 +24,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
 a. Mergers
 b. Acquisition
 c. Amalgamation
-Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="257"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-17-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#modes-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-associations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-federations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-consolidations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-horizontal>#</a></span></h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-vertical>#</a></span></h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-circular>#</a></span></h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-conglomerate>#</a></span></h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations</h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations</h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical</h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular</h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.xml

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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 12, 2026 Primary Sector The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector</h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml

@@ -1,57 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="254"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="245"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
 monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
 Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
+all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
+(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
 purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml

@@ -1,114 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,42 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/index.html

@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 5, 2026 # Course Objectives # A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 5, 2026 Course Objectives A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
-B) Deductive (general -> specific)."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 # Course Objectives # A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
+Nature A) Economics as a Science Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods A) Inductive (specific -> general).
+B) Deductive (general -> specific)."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 Course Objectives A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
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+Nature A) Economics as a Science Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods A) Inductive (specific -> general).
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 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
-› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#course-objectives>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nature>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#methods>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-inductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-deductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives</h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods</h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive</h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive</h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 12 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 12 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 12 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 25, 2026 # Definitions # Interest # The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
-Gross Interest # The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
-Net Interest # The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 12"><meta property="og:description" content="May 25, 2026 # Definitions # Interest # The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
-Gross Interest # The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
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-Gross Interest # The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
-Net Interest # The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="282"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 12 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 25, 2026 Definitions Interest The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
+Nominal Rate of Interest The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 12"><meta property="og:description" content="May 25, 2026 Definitions Interest The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
+Nominal Rate of Interest The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 12"><meta itemprop=description content="May 25, 2026 Definitions Interest The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
+Nominal Rate of Interest The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="273"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-25-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definitions>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#gross-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#net-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#real-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#liquidity>#</a></span></h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-of-interest>#</a></span></h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a> ›
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions</h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest</h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest</h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest</h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity</h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
+Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility Law of Equi-Marginal Utility Law of Demand Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
+Exceptions of Law of Demand A) Assumption of increase in price.
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-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
+Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility Law of Equi-Marginal Utility Law of Demand Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
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-Exceptions of Law of Demand # A) Assumption of increase in price.
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
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+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility</h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand</h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
 F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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@@ -1,8 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 5 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 5 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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-Implicit Cost # Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 5"><meta property="og:description" content="May 01, 2026 # Explicit Cost # Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
-Implicit Cost # Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 5"><meta itemprop=description content="May 01, 2026 # Explicit Cost # Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
-Implicit Cost # Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="332"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 5"><meta property="og:description" content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 5"><meta itemprop=description content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="322"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a>
-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function</h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost</h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost</h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml

@@ -1,12 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 6 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 6 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 6 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 6 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 7 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 7 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 7 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 7 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/index.html

@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 7 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 08, 2026 # Types of Capital # A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 7 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
 C) Working Capital.
 D) Gross Working Capital.
 E) Net Working Capital.
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-Types of Revenue # A) Operating Revenue # Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue # Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 7"><meta property="og:description" content="May 08, 2026 # Types of Capital # A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
+Types of Revenue A) Operating Revenue Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+C) Net Revenue The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 7"><meta property="og:description" content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
 C) Working Capital.
 D) Gross Working Capital.
 E) Net Working Capital.
 F) Net Operating Working Capital.
-Types of Revenue # A) Operating Revenue # Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue # Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 7"><meta itemprop=description content="May 08, 2026 # Types of Capital # A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
+Types of Revenue A) Operating Revenue Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+C) Net Revenue The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 7"><meta itemprop=description content="May 08, 2026 Types of Capital A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
 B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
 C) Working Capital.
 D) Gross Working Capital.
 E) Net Working Capital.
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+Types of Revenue A) Operating Revenue Sales Revenue. Service Revenue. B) Gross Revenue Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+C) Net Revenue The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="247"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a>
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital</h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses</h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent</h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/fa-dcm1108/index.html

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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.html

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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.xml

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- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/index.html

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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--qna">QNA</span></div><h1>QNA</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#june-24-2026><em><strong>June 24, 2026</strong></em></a></li><li><a href=#model-question-paper-5-marks-200-250-words>Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)</a></li><li><a href=#questions-from-previous-year-question-papers-10-marks>Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks</a></li><li><a href=#unit-1-long-answer-400-500-words>Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)</a></li><li><a href=#unit-1-short-answer>Unit 1 Short Answer</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=june-24-2026><em><strong>June 24, 2026</strong></em></h3><h3 class=heading id=model-question-paper-5-marks-200-250-words>Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)</h3><p><strong>1. Discuss the difference between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.</strong></p><p><strong>Ans.</strong></p><h3 class=heading id=questions-from-previous-year-question-papers-10-marks>Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks</h3><h3 class=heading id=unit-1-long-answer-400-500-words>Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)</h3><h3 class=heading id=unit-1-short-answer>Unit 1 Short Answer</h3><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>← Unit 1</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
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-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 12, 2026 Theories on the Origin of Language Types of Theories A) Divine.
 B) Bow-Bow.
 C) Pooh-Pooh.
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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ G) Musical.
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 I) Evolutionary.
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 B) Bow-Bow.
 C) Pooh-Pooh.
 D) Ding-Dong.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ G) Musical.
 H) Tool-Making.
 I) Evolutionary.
 J) Symbolic.
-K) Contemporary Perspective."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 # Theories on the Origin of Language # Types of Theories # A) Divine.
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 B) Bow-Bow.
 C) Pooh-Pooh.
 D) Ding-Dong.
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ G) Musical.
 H) Tool-Making.
 I) Evolutionary.
 J) Symbolic.
-K) Contemporary Perspective."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="38"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,GE DCM1106"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>GE DCM1106</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-theories>#</a></span></h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>GE DCM1106</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories</h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/index.html

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
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 › <span>S1</span></nav><h1>S1</h1><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/index.xml

@@ -1,405 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>S1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/</link><description>Recent content in S1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
- A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
- B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
- C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
-b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
-c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
-a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
-b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
-c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
- Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
- A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 12</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-25-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 25, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-25-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definitions"&gt;
- Definitions&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definitions"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="interest"&gt;
- Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="gross-interest"&gt;
- Gross Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#gross-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="net-interest"&gt;
- Net Interest&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#net-interest"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 5</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-01-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 01, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-01-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="explicit-cost"&gt;
- Explicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#explicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="implicit-cost"&gt;
- Implicit Cost&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#implicit-cost"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 6</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-02-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 02, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-02-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="production-function"&gt;
- Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Q = f (L, C, N)&lt;br&gt;
-Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;
- Time Elements in Production Function&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#time-elements-in-production-function"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-short-run"&gt;
- A) Short run&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-short-run"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 7</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-08-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 08, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-08-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-capital"&gt;
- Types of Capital&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-capital"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Fixed/Floating Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Gross Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Net Working Capital.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Net Operating Working Capital.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-revenue"&gt;
- Types of Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-operating-revenue"&gt;
- A) Operating Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-operating-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Sales Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Service Revenue.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-gross-revenue"&gt;
- B) Gross Revenue&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-gross-revenue"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>S1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/</link><description>Recent content in S1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.html

@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml

@@ -1,126 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/</link><description>Recent content in PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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@@ -1,71 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#introduction>#</a></span></h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction</h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/index.html

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 5, 2026 # Characteristics of Management # A) Goal Oriented.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 5, 2026 Characteristics of Management A) Goal Oriented.
 B) Pervasive.
 C) Multidimentional:
 (i) Management of People.
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ D) Continuous.
 E) Dynamic.
 F) Group Activity.
 G) Intangible.
-Functions of Management # A) Planning.
+Functions of Management A) Planning.
 B) Organising.
 C) Staffing.
 D) Directing.
 E) Controlling.
-A) Planning # Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising # Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing # Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing # Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling # Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management # A) Optimum unilization of resources.
+A) Planning Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management A) Optimum unilization of resources.
 B) Minimisation of costs.
 C) Achievement of group goals.
-D) Organisational stability."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 # Characteristics of Management # A) Goal Oriented.
+D) Organisational stability."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 Characteristics of Management A) Goal Oriented.
 B) Pervasive.
 C) Multidimentional:
 (i) Management of People.
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ D) Continuous.
 E) Dynamic.
 F) Group Activity.
 G) Intangible.
-Functions of Management # A) Planning.
+Functions of Management A) Planning.
 B) Organising.
 C) Staffing.
 D) Directing.
 E) Controlling.
-A) Planning # Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising # Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing # Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing # Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling # Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management # A) Optimum unilization of resources.
+A) Planning Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management A) Optimum unilization of resources.
 B) Minimisation of costs.
 C) Achievement of group goals.
-D) Organisational stability."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 5, 2026 # Characteristics of Management # A) Goal Oriented.
+D) Organisational stability."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 5, 2026 Characteristics of Management A) Goal Oriented.
 B) Pervasive.
 C) Multidimentional:
 (i) Management of People.
@@ -41,15 +41,15 @@ D) Continuous.
 E) Dynamic.
 F) Group Activity.
 G) Intangible.
-Functions of Management # A) Planning.
+Functions of Management A) Planning.
 B) Organising.
 C) Staffing.
 D) Directing.
 E) Controlling.
-A) Planning # Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising # Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing # Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing # Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling # Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management # A) Optimum unilization of resources.
+A) Planning Determine the goals or mission of the organisation. Forecast future conditions. Select the best course of action. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets. B) Organising Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on. Group similar activities. Assign duties to individuals. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control. C) Staffing Recruitment and selection. Training. Performance appraisal. D) Directing Leadership and supervision. Motivation. Communication. E) Controlling Establish performance standards. Measure performance. Compare performance with the standards. Identify reasons for deviations. Implement corrective actions. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement. Significance of Management A) Optimum unilization of resources.
 B) Minimisation of costs.
 C) Achievement of group goals.
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management</a></li><li><a href=#functions-of-management>Functions of Management</a><ul><li><a href=#a-planning>A) Planning</a></li><li><a href=#b-organising>B) Organising</a></li><li><a href=#c-staffing>C) Staffing</a></li><li><a href=#d-directing>D) Directing</a></li><li><a href=#e-controlling>E) Controlling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#significance-of-management>Significance of Management</a></li><li><a href=#scope-of-management>Scope of Management</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#characteristics-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Goal Oriented.<br>B) Pervasive.<br>C) Multidimentional:<br>         (i) Management of People.<br>         (ii) Management of Operations.<br>D) Continuous.<br>E) Dynamic.<br>F) Group Activity.<br>G) Intangible.</p><h2 class=heading id=functions-of-management>Functions of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#functions-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Planning.<br>B) Organising.<br>C) Staffing.<br>D) Directing.<br>E) Controlling.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-planning>A) Planning<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-planning>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.</li><li>Forecast future conditions.</li><li>Select the best course of action.</li><li>Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-organising>B) Organising<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-organising>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.</li><li>Group similar activities.</li><li>Assign duties to individuals.</li><li>Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.</li><li>Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-staffing>C) Staffing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-staffing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Recruitment and selection.</li><li>Training.</li><li>Performance appraisal.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-directing>D) Directing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-directing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Leadership and supervision.</li><li>Motivation.</li><li>Communication.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-controlling>E) Controlling<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-controlling>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Establish performance standards.</li><li>Measure performance.</li><li>Compare performance with the standards.</li><li>Identify reasons for deviations.</li><li>Implement corrective actions.</li><li>Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=significance-of-management>Significance of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#significance-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Optimum unilization of resources.<br>B) Minimisation of costs.<br>C) Achievement of group goals.<br>D) Organisational stability.</p><ul><li>Management depends on Effectiveness and Efficiency.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=scope-of-management>Scope of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Production Management.<br>B) Personal Management.<br>C) Marketing Management.<br>D) Financial Management.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management</a></li><li><a href=#functions-of-management>Functions of Management</a><ul><li><a href=#a-planning>A) Planning</a></li><li><a href=#b-organising>B) Organising</a></li><li><a href=#c-staffing>C) Staffing</a></li><li><a href=#d-directing>D) Directing</a></li><li><a href=#e-controlling>E) Controlling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#significance-of-management>Significance of Management</a></li><li><a href=#scope-of-management>Scope of Management</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management</h2><p>A) Goal Oriented.<br>B) Pervasive.<br>C) Multidimentional:<br>         (i) Management of People.<br>         (ii) Management of Operations.<br>D) Continuous.<br>E) Dynamic.<br>F) Group Activity.<br>G) Intangible.</p><h2 class=heading id=functions-of-management>Functions of Management</h2><p>A) Planning.<br>B) Organising.<br>C) Staffing.<br>D) Directing.<br>E) Controlling.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-planning>A) Planning</h3><ol><li>Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.</li><li>Forecast future conditions.</li><li>Select the best course of action.</li><li>Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-organising>B) Organising</h3><ol><li>Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.</li><li>Group similar activities.</li><li>Assign duties to individuals.</li><li>Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.</li><li>Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-staffing>C) Staffing</h3><ol><li>Recruitment and selection.</li><li>Training.</li><li>Performance appraisal.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-directing>D) Directing</h3><ol><li>Leadership and supervision.</li><li>Motivation.</li><li>Communication.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-controlling>E) Controlling</h3><ol><li>Establish performance standards.</li><li>Measure performance.</li><li>Compare performance with the standards.</li><li>Identify reasons for deviations.</li><li>Implement corrective actions.</li><li>Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=significance-of-management>Significance of Management</h2><p>A) Optimum unilization of resources.<br>B) Minimisation of costs.<br>C) Achievement of group goals.<br>D) Organisational stability.</p><ul><li>Management depends on Effectiveness and Efficiency.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=scope-of-management>Scope of Management</h2><p>A) Production Management.<br>B) Personal Management.<br>C) Marketing Management.<br>D) Financial Management.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/index.xml

@@ -1,22 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
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docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/index.html

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 12, 2026 # Behaviors of Managers # A) Coaching managers # Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
-Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers # Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 2"><meta property="og:description" content="April 12, 2026 # Behaviors of Managers # A) Coaching managers # Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
-Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers # Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 2"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 # Behaviors of Managers # A) Coaching managers # Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
-Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers # Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="1156"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,PBM DCM1110"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 2 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 12, 2026 Behaviors of Managers A) Coaching managers Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
+Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 2"><meta property="og:description" content="April 12, 2026 Behaviors of Managers A) Coaching managers Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
+Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 2"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 Behaviors of Managers A) Coaching managers Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:
+Educating every employee of the organisation. Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees. Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress. B) Authoritative managers Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:"><meta itemprop=wordCount content="1135"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,PBM DCM1110"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</a><ul><li><a href=#a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</a></li><li><a href=#b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</a></li><li><a href=#c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</a></li><li><a href=#d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</a></li><li><a href=#e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</a></li><li><a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</a></li><li><a href=#g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</a></li><li><a href=#h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</a></li><li><a href=#i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</a></li><li><a href=#j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</a></li><li><a href=#managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</a><ul><li><a href=#a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</a></li><li><a href=#b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</a></li><li><a href=#c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</a><ul><li><a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</a></li><li><a href=#b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</a></li><li><a href=#c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#behaviors-of-managers>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-coaching-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</a><ul><li><a href=#a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</a></li><li><a href=#b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</a></li><li><a href=#c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</a></li><li><a href=#d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</a></li><li><a href=#e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</a></li><li><a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</a></li><li><a href=#g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</a></li><li><a href=#h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</a></li><li><a href=#i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</a></li><li><a href=#j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</a></li><li><a href=#managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</a><ul><li><a href=#a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</a></li><li><a href=#b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</a></li><li><a href=#c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</a><ul><li><a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</a></li><li><a href=#b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</a></li><li><a href=#c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</h3><p>Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
 the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
 They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:</p><ul><li>Educating every employee of the organisation.</li><li>Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.</li><li>Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&rsquo;s progress.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-authoritative-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
+qualities of a coaching manager include:</p><ul><li>Educating every employee of the organisation.</li><li>Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.</li><li>Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&rsquo;s progress.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</h3><p>Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
 delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
 office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
 as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:</p><ul><li>Giving importance to rules and operation standards.</li><li>Motivating their employees to give their best and also holding employees accountable.</li><li>Taking disciplinary actions when necessary.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-results-based-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Results-based managers mainly concentrate on whether or not employees meet their goals. They
+include:</p><ul><li>Giving importance to rules and operation standards.</li><li>Motivating their employees to give their best and also holding employees accountable.</li><li>Taking disciplinary actions when necessary.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</h3><p>Results-based managers mainly concentrate on whether or not employees meet their goals. They
 are more concerned with the completion of work by the employees rather than how they do it. This
 gives employees some power to make decisions and come up with their own methods for success.
-Some of the common qualities of a results-based manager include:</p><ul><li>Being lenient in terms of rules and protocols.</li><li>Finding out ways to ensure that their employees work most effectively.</li><li>Focusing only on completion of work, not on how it gets accomplished.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-strategic-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Strategic managers build their management style around the end result that they want to achieve.
+Some of the common qualities of a results-based manager include:</p><ul><li>Being lenient in terms of rules and protocols.</li><li>Finding out ways to ensure that their employees work most effectively.</li><li>Focusing only on completion of work, not on how it gets accomplished.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</h3><p>Strategic managers build their management style around the end result that they want to achieve.
 They delegate authority to lower-level supervisors so they can focus on developing the ultimate
 long-term strategy for success. Some of the most common qualities of a strategic manager include:</p><ul><li>Delegating responsibility to lower-level supervisors but not otherwise strongly involved
 in day-to-day tasks.</li><li>Focusing on the overall goal of their projects rather than minor details.</li><li>Working independently to create plans for their employees that they can undertake on their
-own.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-proactive-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Proactive managers are always offering help and advice. They also remain positive even in times of
+own.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</h3><p>Proactive managers are always offering help and advice. They also remain positive even in times of
 crisis. They typically focus on what actions they can take to overcome or solve any challenges that
 might arise. With a hands-on approach, they try to meet those challenges. Some of the most common
-qualities of a proactive manager include:</p><ul><li>Being enthusiastic about meeting goals through collaboration with employees.</li><li>Showing confidence in the abilities of their employees.</li><li>Being supportive of employees and always ready to help them.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Laissez-faire managers make sure that they meet their goals, but they typically do not offer much
+qualities of a proactive manager include:</p><ul><li>Being enthusiastic about meeting goals through collaboration with employees.</li><li>Showing confidence in the abilities of their employees.</li><li>Being supportive of employees and always ready to help them.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</h3><p>Laissez-faire managers make sure that they meet their goals, but they typically do not offer much
 help or supervision during work operations. They delegate most of the day-to-day and long-term
 responsibilities to their employees. If you prefer to work autonomously, you might work well under
-a laissez-faire manager. Some of the common qualities of a laissez-faire manager include:</p><ul><li>Remaining hands-off with daily performance.</li><li>Delegating responsibility to employees and stepping back.</li><li>Giving employees autonomy to make decisions and complete tasks on their own.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#g-democratic-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Democratic managers listen to input given by employees and welcome the employees to be a part
+a laissez-faire manager. Some of the common qualities of a laissez-faire manager include:</p><ul><li>Remaining hands-off with daily performance.</li><li>Delegating responsibility to employees and stepping back.</li><li>Giving employees autonomy to make decisions and complete tasks on their own.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</h3><p>Democratic managers listen to input given by employees and welcome the employees to be a part
 of the decision-making process. They try to make every member of a team crucial to a project&rsquo;s
 completion. An office led by a democratic manager focuses on teamwork. Some of the common
-qualities of a democratic manager include:</p><ul><li>Open to suggestions and criticism.</li><li>Understanding of employees&rsquo; points of view.</li><li>Emphasising collaboration among employees and the team as a whole.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#h-visionary-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Visionary managers rely on strategies to make a plan for their team, and then they ultimately allow
+qualities of a democratic manager include:</p><ul><li>Open to suggestions and criticism.</li><li>Understanding of employees&rsquo; points of view.</li><li>Emphasising collaboration among employees and the team as a whole.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</h3><p>Visionary managers rely on strategies to make a plan for their team, and then they ultimately allow
 their employees to work autonomously. However, they also check in with employees regularly to
 ensure that productivity is in line with their vision and goals. Some of the common qualities of a
-visionary manager include:</p><ul><li>Staying fair but also being serious about achieving desired results.</li><li>Offering quality feedback to the employees.</li><li>Trusting employees as long as they adhere to the well-planned strategy.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#i-transformational-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Transformational managers are enthusiastic about the growth of their employees. They also learn
+visionary manager include:</p><ul><li>Staying fair but also being serious about achieving desired results.</li><li>Offering quality feedback to the employees.</li><li>Trusting employees as long as they adhere to the well-planned strategy.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</h3><p>Transformational managers are enthusiastic about the growth of their employees. They also learn
 how to adapt to changes in their industry. They motivate employees to go beyond their comfort
-zones and constantly improve. Some of the common qualities of a transformational manager include:</p><ul><li>Being creative in terms of approaches to new tasks and methods of operation.</li><li>Motivating and challenging employees to adapt to changes.</li><li>Being heavily involved in work processes.</li><li>Supporting employees.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#j-charismatic-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Charismatic managers give priority to building strong personal relationships with their employees.
+zones and constantly improve. Some of the common qualities of a transformational manager include:</p><ul><li>Being creative in terms of approaches to new tasks and methods of operation.</li><li>Motivating and challenging employees to adapt to changes.</li><li>Being heavily involved in work processes.</li><li>Supporting employees.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</h3><p>Charismatic managers give priority to building strong personal relationships with their employees.
 They also try to cater to their employees&rsquo; needs whenever they can. This can motivate employees to
 strive to work effectively and efficiently in order to gratify their manager. Some of the common
-qualities of a charismatic manager include:</p><ul><li>Being friendly and charming when working with employees and supervisors.</li><li>Showing kindness to employees instead of being authoritative.</li><li>Providing constant support and help when necessary.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#characteristics-of-managers>#</a></span></h2><p>A) They are responsible for the performance of tasks.<br>B) They maintain balance between goals and define priorities.<br>C) They think rationally and conceptually.<br>D) They act as mediators.<br>E) They make complicated decisions.</p><h2 class=heading id=managerial-skills>Managerial Skills<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#managerial-skills>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-conceptual-skills>#</a></span></h3><ul><li>Solving business problems by analysing information.</li><li>Identifying new opportunities and areas for innovation.</li><li>Recognising problem areas and developing solutions.</li><li>Selecting key information from large amounts of data.</li><li>Understanding how technology supports business operations.</li><li>Having a clear understanding of the organisation’s business model and goals.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=b-human-skills>B) Human Skills<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-human-skills>#</a></span></h3><ul><li>Interviewing and selecting employees.</li><li>Motivating and guiding team members.</li><li>Resolving conflicts and maintaining harmony.</li><li>Building partnerships and encouraging teamwork.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-technical-skills>#</a></span></h3><ul><li>Using computer software or operating machinery.</li><li>Designing a brochure or preparing a financial report.</li><li>Training employees to use a new budgeting system.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#roles-of-a-manager>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Figurehead- attending meetings, signing legal documents, welcoming visitors, or
-inaugurating company events.</li><li>Leader.</li><li>Liaison.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-informational-roles>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Monitor - gathers information.</li><li>Disseminator - shares information.</li><li>Spokesperson - represents.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-decisional-roles>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Entrepreneur: The manager identifies opportunities for improvement and innovation. They take
+qualities of a charismatic manager include:</p><ul><li>Being friendly and charming when working with employees and supervisors.</li><li>Showing kindness to employees instead of being authoritative.</li><li>Providing constant support and help when necessary.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</h2><p>A) They are responsible for the performance of tasks.<br>B) They maintain balance between goals and define priorities.<br>C) They think rationally and conceptually.<br>D) They act as mediators.<br>E) They make complicated decisions.</p><h2 class=heading id=managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</h3><ul><li>Solving business problems by analysing information.</li><li>Identifying new opportunities and areas for innovation.</li><li>Recognising problem areas and developing solutions.</li><li>Selecting key information from large amounts of data.</li><li>Understanding how technology supports business operations.</li><li>Having a clear understanding of the organisation’s business model and goals.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</h3><ul><li>Interviewing and selecting employees.</li><li>Motivating and guiding team members.</li><li>Resolving conflicts and maintaining harmony.</li><li>Building partnerships and encouraging teamwork.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</h3><ul><li>Using computer software or operating machinery.</li><li>Designing a brochure or preparing a financial report.</li><li>Training employees to use a new budgeting system.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</h3><ol><li>Figurehead- attending meetings, signing legal documents, welcoming visitors, or
+inaugurating company events.</li><li>Leader.</li><li>Liaison.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</h3><ol><li>Monitor - gathers information.</li><li>Disseminator - shares information.</li><li>Spokesperson - represents.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</h3><ol><li><p>Entrepreneur: The manager identifies opportunities for improvement and innovation. They take
 the initiative to start new projects, introduce new products, or adopt better methods to improve
 efficiency and competitiveness.</p></li><li><p>Disturbance Handler: In this role, the manager deals with unexpected problems or conflicts.
 This may include resolving employee disputes, handling crises, or managing supply shortages.

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/index.xml

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-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 4 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 4 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-20-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 20, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-20-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="neoclassical-approaches"&gt;
- Neoclassical Approaches&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#neoclassical-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-human-relations-movement"&gt;
- A) Human Relations Movement&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-human-relations-movement"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Economic Depression - 1929.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Progress in Technology.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Response to Taylorism.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Enmity between classes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;
- 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;Four Experiments:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):&lt;/strong&gt; Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):&lt;/strong&gt; Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):&lt;/strong&gt; Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):&lt;/strong&gt; Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-behavioral-approach"&gt;
- B) Behavioral Approach&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-behavioral-approach"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 4 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 4 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/index.html

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+Economic Depression - 1929. Progress in Technology. Response to Taylorism. Enmity between classes. 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations
 Four Experiments:
-Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity. B) Behavioral Approach # This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 4"><meta property="og:description" content="April 20, 2026 # Neoclassical Approaches # A) Human Relations Movement # Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:
-Economic Depression - 1929. Progress in Technology. Response to Taylorism. Enmity between classes. 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo # The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations
+Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity. B) Behavioral Approach This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 4"><meta property="og:description" content="April 20, 2026 Neoclassical Approaches A) Human Relations Movement Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:
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 Four Experiments:
-Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity. B) Behavioral Approach # This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 4"><meta itemprop=description content="April 20, 2026 # Neoclassical Approaches # A) Human Relations Movement # Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:
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+Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity. B) Behavioral Approach This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 4"><meta itemprop=description content="April 20, 2026 Neoclassical Approaches A) Human Relations Movement Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:
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 Four Experiments:
-Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity. B) Behavioral Approach # This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="223"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,PBM DCM1110"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 4</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches</a><ul><li><a href=#a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement</a></li><li><a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo</a></li><li><a href=#b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach</a></li><li><a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory</a></li><li><a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-20-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#neoclassical-approaches>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-human-relations-movement>#</a></span></h3><p>Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:</p><ul><li>Economic Depression - 1929.</li><li>Progress in Technology.</li><li>Response to Taylorism.</li><li>Enmity between classes.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>#</a></span></h3><p>The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations</p><p>Four Experiments:</p><ol><li><strong>Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):</strong> Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.</li><li><strong>Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):</strong> Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.</li><li><strong>Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):</strong> Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.</li><li><strong>Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):</strong> Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-behavioral-approach>#</a></span></h3><p>This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.</p><h3 class=heading id=1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).</li><li>Safety and Security Needs.</li><li>Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).</li><li>Esteem Needs.</li><li>Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><strong>Theory X:</strong> If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.</li><li><strong>Theory Y:</strong> If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>← Unit 3</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 4</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches</a><ul><li><a href=#a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement</a></li><li><a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo</a></li><li><a href=#b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach</a></li><li><a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory</a></li><li><a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement</h3><p>Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:</p><ul><li>Economic Depression - 1929.</li><li>Progress in Technology.</li><li>Response to Taylorism.</li><li>Enmity between classes.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo</h3><p>The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations</p><p>Four Experiments:</p><ol><li><strong>Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):</strong> Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.</li><li><strong>Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):</strong> Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.</li><li><strong>Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):</strong> Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.</li><li><strong>Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):</strong> Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach</h3><p>This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.</p><h3 class=heading id=1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory</h3><ol><li>Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).</li><li>Safety and Security Needs.</li><li>Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).</li><li>Esteem Needs.</li><li>Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation</h3><ol><li><strong>Theory X:</strong> If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.</li><li><strong>Theory Y:</strong> If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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docs/uninotes/s4/index.html

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docs/uninotes/s5/index.html

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 › <span>S5</span></nav><h1>S5</h1><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
-<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s6/index.html

@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
 <a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
 <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
-<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
+</button>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
 › <span>S6</span></nav><h1>S6</h1><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
-<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

layouts/_markup/render-heading.html

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<h{{ .Level }} class="heading" id="{{ .Anchor }}">{{ .Text | safeHTML }}</h{{ .Level }}>

layouts/admin/single.html

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 				'</tr>';
 
 			function userRow(u) {
-				var joined = new Date(u.created_at).toLocaleDateString();
+				var joined = new Date(u.created_at).toLocaleDateString('en-GB');
 				var blocked = u.blocked === true || u.blocked === 't' || u.blocked === '1';
 				var status = blocked
 					? '<span class="admin-badge admin-badge--blocked">Blocked</span>'
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@
 						'" data-action="block_user">Block</button>';
 				var deleteBtn =
 					'<button class="admin-btn admin-btn--delete" data-id="' +
-						u.id +
-						'" data-username="' +
-						escHtml(u.username) +
-						'" data-action="delete_user">Delete Records</button>';
+					u.id +
+					'" data-username="' +
+					escHtml(u.username) +
+					'" data-action="delete_user">Delete Records</button>';
 
 				return (
 					'<tr id="user-row-' +
@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@
 					if (action === 'delete_user') {
 						if (
 							!confirm(
-								'Permanently delete user "' + uname + '"? This cannot be undone.'
+								'Permanently delete user ' + uname + '? This cannot be undone.'
 							)
 						)
 							return;
 					} else if (action === 'block_user') {
 						if (
 							!confirm(
-								"This will permanently delete the user's email history and cannot be undone"
+								"This will permanently delete the user's email history and cannot be undone."
 							)
 						)
 							return;

layouts/blog/single.html

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 <script>
 	(function () {
 		var BACKEND  = 'https://backend.freedoms4.org/comments.php';
-		var POST_ID  = {{ .RelPermalink | jsonify }};
+		var POST_ID  = {{ .RelPermalink | jsonify | safeJS }};
 		var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
 		var isAdmin  = false;
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 		// ── Helpers ──
 		function escHtml(s) {
-			return s.replace(/&/g,'&amp;').replace(/</g,'&lt;').replace(/>/g,'&gt;').replace(/"/g,'&quot;');
+			return s.replace(/&/g,'&amp;').replace(/</g,'&lt;').replace(/>/g,'&gt;').replace(/"/g,'&quot;').replace(/'/g,'&#39;');
 		}
 
 		function timeAgo(iso) {

layouts/rss.xml

@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@
 {{- else }}
 {{- $pages = $pctx.Pages }}
 {{- end }}
+{{- /* Exclude uninotes pages, admin, login, signup, contact, and coming-soon from the feed */}}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "Section" "ne" "uninotes" }}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "RelPermalink" "ne" "/admin/" }}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "RelPermalink" "ne" "/login/" }}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "RelPermalink" "ne" "/signup/" }}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "RelPermalink" "ne" "/contact/" }}
+{{- $pages = where $pages "RelPermalink" "ne" "/coming-soon/" }}
 {{- $limit := .Site.Config.Services.RSS.Limit }}
 {{- if ge $limit 1 }}
 {{- $pages = $pages | first $limit }}

layouts/semester/baseof.html

@@ -70,7 +70,11 @@
 					</div>
 					<!-- Subscribe dropdown -->
 					<div class="rss-subscribe">
-						<button class="rss-subscribe__btn" aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
+						<button
+							class="rss-subscribe__btn"
+							aria-label="Subscribe via RSS"
+							title="Subscribe via RSS"
+						>
 							<svg
 								xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
 								viewBox="0 0 24 24"
@@ -86,8 +90,18 @@
 							<span>Subscribe</span>
 						</button>
 						<div class="rss-subscribe__dropdown">
-							<button class="rss-subscribe__item" data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml">All updates</button>
-							<button class="rss-subscribe__item" data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml">Blog posts</button>
+							<button
+								class="rss-subscribe__item"
+								data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml"
+							>
+								All updates
+							</button>
+							<button
+								class="rss-subscribe__item"
+								data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml"
+							>
+								Blog posts
+							</button>
 						</div>
 					</div>
 				</div>
@@ -97,5 +111,6 @@
 		<main class="main">{{ block "main" . }}{{ end }}</main>
 		<footer class="footer">{{ partial "footer.html" . }}</footer>
 		{{ partial "body/body-end.html" . }}
+		<script src="/js/session-check.js"></script>
 	</body>
 </html>

layouts/signup/single.html

@@ -342,6 +342,7 @@
 			state.username = username;
 			state.email = email;
 			state.password = password;
+			state.terms_agreed = true;
 
 			setLoading(signupSubmit, true);
 
@@ -430,6 +431,7 @@
 					email: state.email,
 					password: state.password,
 					otp: otp,
+					terms_agreed: state.terms_agreed,
 				}),
 			})
 				.then(function (r) {

layouts/subjectcode/baseof.html

@@ -70,7 +70,11 @@
 					</div>
 					<!-- Subscribe dropdown -->
 					<div class="rss-subscribe">
-						<button class="rss-subscribe__btn" aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
+						<button
+							class="rss-subscribe__btn"
+							aria-label="Subscribe via RSS"
+							title="Subscribe via RSS"
+						>
 							<svg
 								xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
 								viewBox="0 0 24 24"
@@ -86,8 +90,18 @@
 							<span>Subscribe</span>
 						</button>
 						<div class="rss-subscribe__dropdown">
-							<button class="rss-subscribe__item" data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml">All updates</button>
-							<button class="rss-subscribe__item" data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml">Blog posts</button>
+							<button
+								class="rss-subscribe__item"
+								data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml"
+							>
+								All updates
+							</button>
+							<button
+								class="rss-subscribe__item"
+								data-rss-url="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml"
+							>
+								Blog posts
+							</button>
 						</div>
 					</div>
 				</div>
@@ -97,5 +111,6 @@
 		<main class="main">{{ block "main" . }}{{ end }}</main>
 		<footer class="footer">{{ partial "footer.html" . }}</footer>
 		{{ partial "body/body-end.html" . }}
+		<script src="/js/session-check.js"></script>
 	</body>
 </html>

layouts/subjectcode/term.html

@@ -1,120 +1,59 @@
-{{ define "main" }}
-
-{{ $subjectCode := .Title }}
-
-{{/* Get semester from first post */}}
-{{ $semester := "" }}
-{{ range .Pages }}
-  {{ if eq $semester "" }}
-    {{ $raw := .Params.semester }}
-    {{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }}
-      {{ $semester = index $raw 0 }}
-    {{ else }}
-      {{ $semester = $raw }}
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-{{ end }}
+{{ define "main" }} {{ $subjectCode := .Title }} {{/* Get semester from first post */}} {{ $semester
+:= "" }} {{ range .Pages }} {{ if eq $semester "" }} {{ $raw := .Params.semester }} {{ if
+reflect.IsSlice $raw }} {{ $semester = index $raw 0 }} {{ else }} {{ $semester = $raw }} {{ end }}
+{{ end }} {{ end }}
 
 <nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs">
-  <a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
-  {{ if $semester }}
-    {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
-    {{ if $semPage }}
-      › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a>
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-  › <span>{{ $subjectCode }}</span>
+	<a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
+	{{ if $semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
+	{{ if $semPage }} › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a> {{ end }} {{ end
+	}} › <span>{{ $subjectCode }}</span>
 </nav>
 
 <h1>{{ $subjectCode }}</h1>
 
-{{/* Collect unique unit labels and sort numerically */}}
-{{ $seenUnits := slice }}
-{{ $unitDicts := slice }}
-{{ range .Pages }}
-  {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }}
-  {{ if not (in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }}
-    {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }}
-    {{/* Extract unit number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}}
-    {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }}
-    {{ $uLast := index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }}
-    {{ $uNumStr := "" }}
-    {{ range (split $uLast "") }}
-      {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
-    {{ end }}
-    {{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
-    {{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
-  {{ end }}
-{{ end }}
-{{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
+{{/* Collect unique unit labels and sort numerically */}} {{ $seenUnits := slice }} {{ $unitDicts :=
+slice }} {{ range .Pages }} {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }} {{ if not (in
+$seenUnits $unitLabel) }} {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }} {{/* Extract unit number
+for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}} {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }} {{ $uLast := index
+$uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }} {{ $uNumStr := "" }} {{ range (split $uLast "") }} {{ if ge . "0"
+}}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ $uNum :=
+int ($uNumStr | default "0") }} {{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{ end }} {{
+$unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }} {{ end }} {{ end
+}} {{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
 
 <ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units">
-  {{ range $sortedUnitDicts }}
-    <li class="uninotes-list__item">
-      <a class="uninotes-list__link" href="{{ .page.Params.uniturl }}">
-        {{ .label }}
-      </a>
-    </li>
-  {{ end }}
+	{{ range $sortedUnitDicts }} {{ $unitUrl := .page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not $unitUrl }}{{
+	$unitUrl = .page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
+	<li class="uninotes-list__item">
+		<a class="uninotes-list__link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}"> {{ .label }} </a>
+	</li>
+	{{ end }}
 </ul>
 
-{{/* Subject prev/next — siblings in same semester, sorted numerically by code number */}}
-{{ if $semester }}
-  {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
-  {{ if $semPage }}
-    {{/* Collect unique subject codes */}}
-    {{ $siblingCodes := slice }}
-    {{ range $semPage.Pages }}
-      {{ $raw := .Params.subjectcode }}
-      {{ $code := "" }}
-      {{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }}
-        {{ $code = index $raw 0 }}
-      {{ else }}
-        {{ $code = $raw }}
-      {{ end }}
-      {{ if and $code (not (in $siblingCodes $code)) }}
-        {{ $siblingCodes = $siblingCodes | append $code }}
-      {{ end }}
-    {{ end }}
-
-    {{/* Sort subject codes numerically by extracting the number (e.g. "BO DCM1109" → 1109) */}}
-    {{ $codeDicts := slice }}
-    {{ range $siblingCodes }}
-      {{ $code := . }}
-      {{ $parts := split $code " " }}
-      {{ $lastPart := index $parts (sub (len $parts) 1) }}
-      {{ $numStr := "" }}
-      {{ range (split $lastPart "") }}
-        {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $numStr = printf "%s%s" $numStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
-      {{ end }}
-      {{ $num := int ($numStr | default "0") }}
-      {{ $codeDicts = $codeDicts | append (dict "code" $code "num" $num) }}
-    {{ end }}
-    {{ $sortedCodeDicts := sort $codeDicts "num" }}
-
-    {{ if gt (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1 }}
-      {{ $currentIdx := 0 }}
-      {{ range $i, $d := $sortedCodeDicts }}
-        {{ if eq $d.code $subjectCode }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }}
-      {{ end }}
-      <nav class="page-nav">
-        {{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }}
-          {{ $prevCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)).code }}
-          {{ $prevPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($prevCode | urlize)) }}
-          {{ if $prevPage }}
-            <a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevPage.RelPermalink }}">← {{ $prevCode }}</a>
-          {{ end }}
-        {{ end }}
-        {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1) }}
-          {{ $nextCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (add $currentIdx 1)).code }}
-          {{ $nextPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($nextCode | urlize)) }}
-          {{ if $nextPage }}
-            <a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $nextCode }} →</a>
-          {{ end }}
-        {{ end }}
-      </nav>
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-{{ end }}
-
-{{ end }}
+{{/* Subject prev/next — siblings in same semester, sorted numerically by code number */}} {{ if
+$semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }} {{ if
+$semPage }} {{/* Collect unique subject codes */}} {{ $siblingCodes := slice }} {{ range
+$semPage.Pages }} {{ $raw := .Params.subjectcode }} {{ $code := "" }} {{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }}
+{{ $code = index $raw 0 }} {{ else }} {{ $code = $raw }} {{ end }} {{ if and $code (not (in
+$siblingCodes $code)) }} {{ $siblingCodes = $siblingCodes | append $code }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{/*
+Sort subject codes numerically by extracting the number (e.g. "BO DCM1109" → 1109) */}} {{
+$codeDicts := slice }} {{ range $siblingCodes }} {{ $code := . }} {{ $parts := split $code " " }} {{
+$lastPart := index $parts (sub (len $parts) 1) }} {{ $numStr := "" }} {{ range (split $lastPart "")
+}} {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $numStr = printf "%s%s" $numStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{
+end }} {{ $num := int ($numStr | default "0") }} {{ $codeDicts = $codeDicts | append (dict "code"
+$code "num" $num) }} {{ end }} {{ $sortedCodeDicts := sort $codeDicts "num" }} {{ if gt (len
+$sortedCodeDicts) 1 }} {{ $currentIdx := 0 }} {{ range $i, $d := $sortedCodeDicts }} {{ if eq
+$d.code $subjectCode }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }} {{ end }}
+<nav class="page-nav">
+	{{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ $prevCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)).code }}
+	{{ $prevPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($prevCode | urlize)) }} {{ if $prevPage
+	}}
+	<a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevPage.RelPermalink }}">← {{ $prevCode }}</a>
+	{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1) }} {{ $nextCode :=
+	(index $sortedCodeDicts (add $currentIdx 1)).code }} {{ $nextPage := site.GetPage (printf
+	"/subjectcode/%s" ($nextCode | urlize)) }} {{ if $nextPage }}
+	<a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $nextCode }} →</a>
+	{{ end }} {{ end }}
+</nav>
+{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }}

layouts/uninotes/section.html

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
 						{{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
 					{{ end }}
 					{{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
+					{{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{ end }}
 					{{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
 				{{ end }}
 			{{ end }}
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@
 				{{ $unitLabel := .label }}
 				{{ $repPage := .page }}
 				{{ $unitUrl := $repPage.Params.uniturl }}
+				{{ if not $unitUrl }}{{ $unitUrl = $repPage.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
 				{{/* Find Self and Live URLs for this unit */}}
 				{{ $selfUrl := "" }}
 				{{ $liveUrl := "" }}
@@ -103,6 +105,9 @@
 				{{ end }}
 
 				<li class="uninotes-contents__unit">
+					{{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}
+					<a class="uninotes-contents__unit-link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}">{{ $unitLabel }}</a>
+					{{ else }}
 					<a class="uninotes-contents__unit-link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}">{{ $unitLabel }}</a>
 					<span class="uninotes-contents__unit-cats">
 						{{ if $selfUrl }}
@@ -116,6 +121,7 @@
 						<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span>
 						{{ end }}
 					</span>
+					{{ end }}
 				</li>
 				{{ end }}
 			</ul>

layouts/uninotes/single.html

@@ -1,99 +1,62 @@
-{{ define "main" }}
-
-{{ $semesterRaw    := .Params.semester }}
-{{ $subjectcodeRaw := .Params.subjectcode }}
-{{ $semester := "" }}
-{{ if reflect.IsSlice $semesterRaw }}
-  {{ $semester = index $semesterRaw 0 }}
-{{ else }}
-  {{ $semester = $semesterRaw }}
-{{ end }}
-{{ $subjectcode := "" }}
-{{ if reflect.IsSlice $subjectcodeRaw }}
-  {{ $subjectcode = index $subjectcodeRaw 0 }}
-{{ else }}
-  {{ $subjectcode = $subjectcodeRaw }}
-{{ end }}
+{{ define "main" }} {{ $semesterRaw := .Params.semester }} {{ $subjectcodeRaw := .Params.subjectcode
+}} {{ $semester := "" }} {{ if reflect.IsSlice $semesterRaw }} {{ $semester = index $semesterRaw 0
+}} {{ else }} {{ $semester = $semesterRaw }} {{ end }} {{ $subjectcode := "" }} {{ if
+reflect.IsSlice $subjectcodeRaw }} {{ $subjectcode = index $subjectcodeRaw 0 }} {{ else }} {{
+$subjectcode = $subjectcodeRaw }} {{ end }}
 
 <nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs">
-  <a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
-  {{ if $semester }}
-    {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
-    {{ if $semPage }}
-      › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a>
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-  {{ if $subjectcode }}
-    {{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }}
-    {{ if $subPage }}
-      › <a href="{{ $subPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $subjectcode }}</a>
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-  › <a href="{{ .Params.uniturl }}">{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</a>
-  › <span>{{ .Params.notecategory | default "Notes" }}</span>
+	<a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
+	{{ if $semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
+	{{ if $semPage }} › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a> {{ end }} {{ end
+	}} {{ if $subjectcode }} {{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode |
+	urlize)) }} {{ if $subPage }} › <a href="{{ $subPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $subjectcode }}</a> {{
+	end }} {{ end }} {{ if .Params.uniturl }} ›
+	<a href="{{ .Params.uniturl }}">{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</a> ›
+	<span>{{ .Params.notecategory | default "Notes" }}</span> {{ else }} ›
+	<span>{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</span>
+	{{ end }}
 </nav>
 
 <div class="uninotes-meta">
-  {{ with $semester }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }}
-  {{ with $subjectcode }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }}
-  {{ with .Params.notecategory }}
-    <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ . | lower }}">{{ . }}</span>
-  {{ end }}
+	{{ with $semester }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} {{ with
+	$subjectcode }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} {{ if
+	.Params.notecategory }}
+	<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ .Params.notecategory | lower }}"
+		>{{ .Params.notecategory }}</span
+	>
+	{{ else if .Params.unit }}
+	<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ .Params.unit | lower }}"
+		>{{ .Params.unit }}</span
+	>
+	{{ end }}
 </div>
 
 <h1>{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</h1>
 
-{{ partial "page/toc.html" . }}
-
-{{ .Content }}
-
-{{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "tags" "page" .) }}
-{{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "categories" "page" .) }}
-
-{{/* Next/prev among sibling UNITS in the same subjectcode — sorted numerically */}}
-{{ if $subjectcode }}
-  {{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }}
-  {{ if $subPage }}
-    {{/* Build deduplicated unit list with numeric sort key */}}
-    {{ $seenUnits := slice }}
-    {{ $unitDicts := slice }}
-    {{ range $subPage.Pages }}
-      {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }}
-      {{ if not (in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }}
-        {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }}
-        {{/* Extract unit number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}}
-        {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }}
-        {{ $uLast := index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }}
-        {{ $uNumStr := "" }}
-        {{ range (split $uLast "") }}
-          {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
-        {{ end }}
-        {{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
-        {{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
-      {{ end }}
-    {{ end }}
-    {{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
-
-    {{ $currentUnit := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }}
-    {{ $currentIdx := 0 }}
-    {{ range $i, $d := $sortedUnitDicts }}
-      {{ if eq $d.label $currentUnit }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }}
-    {{ end }}
-
-    {{ if gt (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1 }}
-    <nav class="page-nav">
-      {{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }}
-        {{ $prev := (index $sortedUnitDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)) }}
-        <a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prev.page.Params.uniturl }}">← {{ $prev.label }}</a>
-      {{ end }}
-      {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1) }}
-        {{ $next := (index $sortedUnitDicts (add $currentIdx 1)) }}
-        <a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $next.page.Params.uniturl }}">{{ $next.label }} →</a>
-      {{ end }}
-    </nav>
-    {{ end }}
-  {{ end }}
-{{ end }}
-
-{{ partial "page/page-end.html" . }}
-{{ end }}
+{{ partial "page/toc.html" . }} {{ .Content }} {{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "tags"
+"page" .) }} {{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "categories" "page" .) }} {{/* Next/prev
+among sibling UNITS in the same subjectcode — sorted numerically */}} {{ if $subjectcode }} {{
+$subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }} {{ if $subPage }}
+{{/* Build deduplicated unit list with numeric sort key */}} {{ $seenUnits := slice }} {{ $unitDicts
+:= slice }} {{ range $subPage.Pages }} {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }} {{ if not
+(in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }} {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }} {{/* Extract unit
+number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}} {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }} {{ $uLast :=
+index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }} {{ $uNumStr := "" }} {{ range (split $uLast "") }} {{ if ge .
+"0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{
+$uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }} {{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{
+end }} {{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }} {{ end
+}} {{ end }} {{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }} {{ $currentUnit := (.Params.unit |
+default .Title) }} {{ $currentIdx := 0 }} {{ range $i, $d := $sortedUnitDicts }} {{ if eq $d.label
+$currentUnit }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ if gt (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1 }}
+<nav class="page-nav">
+	{{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ $prev := (index $sortedUnitDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)) }} {{
+	$prevUrl := $prev.page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not $prevUrl }}{{ $prevUrl =
+	$prev.page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
+	<a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevUrl }}">← {{ $prev.label }}</a>
+	{{ end }} {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1) }} {{ $next := (index
+	$sortedUnitDicts (add $currentIdx 1)) }} {{ $nextUrl := $next.page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not
+	$nextUrl }}{{ $nextUrl = $next.page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
+	<a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextUrl }}">{{ $next.label }} →</a>
+	{{ end }}
+</nav>
+{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ partial "page/page-end.html" . }} {{ end }}

privacy/_index.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 title: "Privacy Policy"
 ---
 
-**Last Updated: June 13, 2026**
+**Last Updated: June 14, 2026**
 
 We respect your privacy and are committed to protecting your personal information. This "Privacy Policy" explains what information we collect, how we use it, and the choices available to you when using our services.
 
@@ -27,19 +27,19 @@ When you use our services, we may automatically collect:
 * Service usage information.
 * Security and authentication logs.
 
-### Email and XMPP
+## 2. Services: Email and XMPP
 
 To provide [Email](https://freedoms4.org/services/email-account/) and [XMPP](http://localhost:1313/services/xmpp-account/) services, we may store related metadata necessary for message delivery and system operation.
 
 We do not access, review, or inspect the contents of users' emails or messages.
 
-### Uploaded Files and Pastebins
+## 3. Service: File Share or Pastebin
 
 Files and pastebins uploaded through our [File Share](https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/) service (web or command-line) are stored unencrypted and are automatically deleted within 24 hours of upload. We strongly recommend that you do not upload sensitive, confidential, or personal information through this service.
 
 We do not access, review, or inspect uploaded content except when reasonably necessary to investigate abuse and enforce our policies.
 
-## Cookies and Similar Technologies
+## 4. Cookies and Similar Technologies
 
 We may use cookies or similar technologies to:
 
@@ -48,13 +48,7 @@ We may use cookies or similar technologies to:
 
 You may control cookies through your browser settings.
 
-## Third-Party Services
-
-Our services may contain links to third-party websites or services. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of those third parties.
-
-We encourage you to review their privacy policies before providing personal information.
-
-## How We Use Information
+## 5. How We Use Information
 
 We use collected information to:
 
@@ -65,7 +59,7 @@ We use collected information to:
 
 We do not sell your personal information.
 
-## Sharing of Information
+## 6. Sharing of Information
 
 We do not sell, rent, or trade personal information.
 
@@ -75,13 +69,13 @@ We may disclose information:
 * To protect the security and integrity of our services.
 * To investigate abuse, fraud, or security incidents.
 
-## Data Retention
+## 7. Data Retention
 
 We may retain information only as long as necessary to provide services and enforce our policies.
 
 You may [request](https://freedoms4.org/contact/) account deletion at any time. Following deletion, only registration-related records may be retained for administrative purposes, while all other data will be permanently erased.
 
-## Your Rights
+## 8. Your Rights
 
 Depending on your location and applicable laws, you may have the right to:
 
@@ -93,11 +87,17 @@ Depending on your location and applicable laws, you may have the right to:
 
 To exercise these rights, please [contact](https://freedoms4.org/contact/) us.
 
-## Children's Privacy
+## 9. Third-Party Services
+
+Our services may contain links to third-party websites or services. We are not responsible for the privacy practices of those third parties.
+
+We encourage you to review their privacy policies before providing personal information.
+
+## 10. Children's Privacy
 
 Our services are not intended for children under the age required by applicable law without parental consent. We do not knowingly collect personal information from children in violation of applicable laws.
 
-## Changes to This Privacy Policy
+## 11. Changes to This Privacy Policy
 
 We may update these policies from time to time. Updated versions will be posted on this page with a revised "Last Updated" date.
 

static/css/custom.css

@@ -879,14 +879,13 @@
 .comments__title {
 	font-size: 1.15rem;
 	font-weight: 700;
-	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
+	margin-bottom: 2rem;
 }
 
 .comments__login-msg {
 	font-size: 0.9rem;
-	margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
+	margin-bottom: 2.55rem;
 	color: var(--foreground-color3, #888);
-	padding-top: 0.06rem;
 }
 
 .comments__empty {
@@ -1005,17 +1004,15 @@
 
 .comment {
 	margin-bottom: 0.85rem;
-	padding: 0.75rem 0.9rem 0 0.9rem;
-	border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #e0e0e0);
-	border-radius: 6px;
+	padding: 0.75rem 0.75rem 0.1rem 0.75rem;
 	background: var(--background-color);
+	border-left: 1.4px solid var(--foreground-color3);
 }
 
 .comment--reply {
 	margin-top: 0.7rem;
 	margin-left: 1.5rem;
-	border-left: 3px solid var(--accent-color);
-	border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;
+	padding-bottom: 0.3rem;
 }
 
 .comment__meta {
@@ -1528,3 +1525,16 @@
 		font-size: 0.72rem;
 	}
 }
+
+/* Markdown tables (uninotes, blog posts, etc.): match page background
+   and use the normal text color for borders, instead of the theme's
+   grey/white box styling meant for blockquotes/code blocks. */
+table {
+	background-color: var(--background-color);
+}
+
+td,
+th {
+	border: 1px solid var(--foreground-color);
+	color: var(--foreground-color);
+}

terms/_index.md

@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ title: "Terms and Conditions"
 
 This service is operated as a non-profit initiative with the goal of providing reliable services to its users. We are not driven by commercial interests and any resources received are used solely to support, maintain, and improve the services.
 
-### 1. Acceptance of Terms
+## 1. Acceptance of Terms
 
 By creating an account or using our services, you agree to be bound by these "Terms and Conditions". If you do not agree to these terms, you must not use our services.
 
-### 2. Services
+## 2. Services
 
 We provide communication-related services, including but not limited to: [Email](https://freedoms4.org/services/email-account/) and [XMPP](http://localhost:1313/services/xmpp-account/) messaging services, and online [File Share](https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/) service.
 
 We may modify, suspend, or discontinue any part of the services at any time with prior notice.
 
-### 3. Account Registration
+## 3. Account Registration
 
 To use certain services, you must create an account with a valid email address.
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ You are responsible for:
 * All activities that occur under your account.
 * Promptly notifying us of any unauthorized access or security breach.
 
-### 4. Acceptable Use
+## 4. Acceptable Use
 
 You agree not to use the services to:
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ You agree not to use the services to:
 
 We reserve the right to suspend or terminate accounts that violate these rules.
 
-### 5. User Content
+## 5. User Content
 
 You retain ownership of any content you transmit or store through the services.
 
@@ -47,17 +47,17 @@ By using the services, you grant us the limited rights necessary to operate, mai
 
 You are solely responsible for the content associated with your account.
 
-### 6. Service Availability
+## 6. Service Availability
 
 We strive to provide reliable services but do not guarantee uninterrupted availability.
 
 Services may be unavailable due to maintenance, upgrades, security issues, or circumstances beyond our control.
 
-### 7. Privacy
+## 7. Privacy
 
 Your use of the services is also governed by our [Privacy Policy](https://freedoms4.org/privacy/). Please review the policies to understand how we collect, use, and protect your information.
 
-### 8. Account Suspension and Termination
+## 8. Account Suspension and Termination
 
 We may suspend or terminate your account if:
 
@@ -67,23 +67,23 @@ We may suspend or terminate your account if:
 
 You may stop using the services and [request](https://freedoms4.org/contact/) account deletion at any time.
 
-### 9. Disclaimer of Warranties
+## 9. Disclaimer of Warranties
 
 The services are provided "as is" and "as available".
 
 To the fullest extent permitted by law, we disclaim all warranties, express or implied, including warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement.
 
-### 10. Limitation of Liability
+## 10. Limitation of Liability
 
 To the maximum extent permitted by law, we shall not be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages arising from your use of the services.
 
-### 11. Changes to These Terms
+## 11. Changes to These Terms
 
 We may update these terms from time to time.
 
 If we make material changes, we will provide reasonable notice through the website or by email. Continued use of the services after changes become effective constitutes acceptance of the revised terms.
 
-### 12. Governing Law
+## 12. Governing Law
 
 These terms shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the applicable jurisdiction where our servers are located.