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<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.
Concept # A) Value Creation.
Concept A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.
Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.
Concept # A) Value Creation.
Concept A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.
Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 6, 2026 # Features and Nature of Business # A) Economic Activity.
D) Dynamic Nature."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 6, 2026 Features and Nature of Business A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.
Concept # A) Value Creation.
Concept A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.
Scope # A) Industry # Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce # Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business # E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System # A) Interdependance.
Scope A) Industry Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining). Secondary Industry: Manufacturing. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery) Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training) Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs) B) Commerce Trade. Auxiliaries to Trade. C) Modern Dimensions of Business E-Business. Green Business. Social Business. Global Business. Business as a System A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="177"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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@@ -60,6 +60,6 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-6-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#concept>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-industry>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-commerce>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-as-a-system>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-input-process-output-model>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-and-environment-interface>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#objectives-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>#</a></span></h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept</h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry</h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce</h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System</h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
A) Vertical A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
@@ -14,7 +15,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><meta itemprop=description content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
A) Vertical A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><meta itemprop=description content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
@@ -22,7 +24,8 @@ Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
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<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a> ›
<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-17-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#modes-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-associations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-federations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-consolidations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-horizontal>#</a></span></h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-vertical>#</a></span></h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-circular>#</a></span></h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-conglomerate>#</a></span></h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations</h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations</h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical</h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular</h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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Secondary Sector The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 2"><meta itemprop=description content="April 12, 2026 Primary Sector The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.
Secondary Sector The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="85"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector</h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="254"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="245"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a> ›
<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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