BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4

Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 6, 2026 #

Features and Nature of Business #

A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.

Concept #

A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.

Scope #

A) Industry #

Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).
Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.
Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)
Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)
Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)

B) Commerce #

Trade.
Auxiliaries to Trade.

C) Modern Dimensions of Business #

E-Business.
Green Business.
Social Business.
Global Business.

Business as a System #

A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature.

Unit 2

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Primary Sector #

The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.

Secondary Sector #

The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.

Unit 3

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 15, 2026 #

Types of co-operatives formed #

A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.

Types of Companies #

A) On the Basis of Incorporation #

Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India).
Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).
Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India.

B) On the Basis of Liability #

Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].
Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].
Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].
Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.

C) On the Basis of Ownership #

Private Company (Section 2(68)).
Public Company (Section 2(71)).
One Person Company (Section 2(62)).

D) On the Basis of Control #

Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.
Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors).

E) On the Basis of Nationality #

Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.
Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.

F) On the Basis of Purpose #

For-Profit Companies.
Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.