https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4Hugoen-usyour-email@example.com (Freedoms4)your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/<h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"> <em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#april-15-2026">#</a></span> </h3><h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"> Types of co-operatives formed<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed">#</a></span> </h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br> B) Producer co-operatives.<br> C) Marketing co-operatives.<br> D) Housing co-operatives.<br> E) Credit co-operatives.<br> F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p> <h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"> Types of Companies<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#types-of-companies">#</a></span> </h2><h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"> A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li> <li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li> <li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India.</li> </ol> <h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"> B) On the Basis of Liability<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li> <li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li> <li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li> <li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li> </ol> <h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"> C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li> <li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li> <li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li> </ol> <h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"> D) On the Basis of Control<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li> <li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li> </ol> <h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"> E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li> <li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li> </ol> <h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"> F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class="heading__anchor"> <a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose">#</a></span> </h3><ol> <li>For-Profit Companies.</li> <li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li> </ol>