Unit 3

April 15, 2026 #

Types of co-operatives formed #

A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.

Types of Companies #

A) On the Basis of Incorporation #

1. Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India).
2. Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).
3. Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India.

B) On the Basis of Liability #

1. Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].
2. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].
3. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].
4. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.

C) On the Basis of Ownership #

1. Private Company (Section 2(68)).
2. Public Company (Section 2(71)).
3. One Person Company (Section 2(62)).

D) On the Basis of Control #

1. Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.
2. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors).

E) On the Basis of Nationality #

1. Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.
2. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.

F) On the Basis of Purpose #

1. For-Profit Companies.
2. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.