Freedoms4

What is Education?

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000

What is Education? #

Education simply means “learning”. It’s a natural process.

Ratio of components in Education: #

50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.

Education vs Academics: #

Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.

Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let’s see what the system has become nowadays: #

Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).
Generalised curriculum for all students.

Extra bad: #

Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.
Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.
Money game.
Politics.

Education as a concept/implementation/system is good. Academics is good only as a concept. It’s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.

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Contact

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Admin: hyzen

Contacts #

Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org

IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4

Follow on #

Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social

Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today

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Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 6, 2026 #

Features and Nature of Business #

A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.

Concept #

A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.

Scope #

A) Industry #

Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).
Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.
Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)
Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)
Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)

B) Commerce #

Trade.
Auxiliaries to Trade.

C) Modern Dimensions of Business #

E-Business.
Green Business.
Social Business.
Global Business.

Business as a System #

A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature.

Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 5, 2026 #

Course Objectives #

A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.

Definition of Economics by various individuals #

A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.

Nature #

A) Economics as a Science #

Positive (what is, based on data and logic)
Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)

B) Economics as an Art #

Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)
Applied (real world, how to implement)

A) Described Economics as a Science #

Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).
Models to predict economic outcomes.
Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.
Real-world evidence.
Deductive and Inductive reasoning.

Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.

Methods #

A) Inductive (specific -> general).
B) Deductive (general -> specific).

Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Theories on the Origin of Language #

Types of Theories #

A) Divine.
B) Bow-Bow.
C) Pooh-Pooh.
D) Ding-Dong.
E) Gesture.
F) Yo-He-Ho.
G) Musical.
H) Tool-Making.
I) Evolutionary.
J) Symbolic.
K) Contemporary Perspective.

Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Introduction #

Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.

Unit 1

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 5, 2026 #

Characteristics of Management #

A) Goal Oriented.
B) Pervasive.
C) Multidimentional:
(i) Management of People.
(ii) Management of Operations.
D) Continuous.
E) Dynamic.
F) Group Activity.
G) Intangible.

Functions of Management #

A) Planning.
B) Organising.
C) Staffing.
D) Directing.
E) Controlling.

A) Planning #

Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.
Forecast future conditions.
Select the best course of action.
Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.

B) Organising #

Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.
Group similar activities.
Assign duties to individuals.
Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.
Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.

C) Staffing #

Recruitment and selection.
Training.
Performance appraisal.

D) Directing #

Leadership and supervision.
Motivation.
Communication.

E) Controlling #

Establish performance standards.
Measure performance.
Compare performance with the standards.
Identify reasons for deviations.
Implement corrective actions.
Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.

Significance of Management #

A) Optimum unilization of resources.
B) Minimisation of costs.
C) Achievement of group goals.
D) Organisational stability.

Unit 2

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Primary Sector #

The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.

Secondary Sector #

The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.

Unit 2

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Types of Utility #

A) Form Utility
B) Place
C) Time
D) Possession

Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility #

Law of Equi-Marginal Utility #

Law of Demand #

Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.

Exceptions of Law of Demand #

A) Assumption of increase in price.
B) Status goods or Veblen goods.
C) Giffen goods.
D) War.
E) Economic depression. F) Essential goods.

Unit 2

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 12, 2026 #

Behaviors of Managers #

A) Coaching managers #

Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common qualities of a coaching manager include:

Educating every employee of the organisation.
Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.
Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual’s progress.

B) Authoritative managers #

Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager include:

Unit 3

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

April 15, 2026 #

Types of co-operatives formed #

A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.

Types of Companies #

A) On the Basis of Incorporation #

Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India).
Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).
Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India.

B) On the Basis of Liability #

Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].
Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].
Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].
Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.

C) On the Basis of Ownership #

Private Company (Section 2(68)).
Public Company (Section 2(71)).
One Person Company (Section 2(62)).

D) On the Basis of Control #

Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.
Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors).

E) On the Basis of Nationality #

Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.
Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.

F) On the Basis of Purpose #

For-Profit Companies.
Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.

XMPP Account

your-email@example.com (Freedoms4) — Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

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