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Author SHA1 Message Date
hyzen
8489df8c73 Fix: QNA 2026-06-20 12:10:27 +05:30
hyzen
a29cb0e570 Add: QNA 2026-06-20 11:56:16 +05:30
42 changed files with 282 additions and 307 deletions
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draft = false
semester = ['S1']
subjectcode = ['BO DCM1109']
unit = 'QNA'
title = 'BO DCM1109 QNA'
toc = false
url = '/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/'
+++

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draft = false
semester = ['S1']
subjectcode = ['ET DCM1107']
unit = 'QNA'
title = 'ET DCM1107 QNA'
toc = false
url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/'
+++

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draft = false
semester = ['S1']
subjectcode = ['GE DCM1106']
unit = 'QNA'
title = 'GE DCM1106 QNA'
toc = false
url = '/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/'
+++

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draft = false
semester = ['S1']
subjectcode = ['PBM DCM1110']
unit = 'QNA'
title = 'PBM DCM1110 QNA'
toc = false
url = '/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/'
+++

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@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ share.freedoms4.org↗
<li>Politics.</li> <li>Politics.</li>
</ul> </ul>
<p>Education as a concept/implementation/system is good. <p>Education as a concept/implementation/system is good.
Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming Soon</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This feature is not yet available. Check back later!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Contact</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen&lt;/p&gt; Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>BO DCM1109 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Coming Soon</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This feature is not yet available. Check back later!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Contact</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class="heading" id="contacts"&gt; &lt;h2 class="heading" id="contacts"&gt;
Contacts&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#contacts"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Contacts&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#contacts"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;XMPP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;XMPP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is
&lt;h2 class="heading" id="follow-on"&gt; &lt;h2 class="heading" id="follow-on"&gt;
Follow on&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#follow-on"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Follow on&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#follow-on"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://mastodon.social/@hyzen"&gt;Mastodon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social"&gt;hyzen@mastodon.social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://mastodon.social/@hyzen"&gt;Mastodon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social"&gt;hyzen@mastodon.social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemmy:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today"&gt;hyzen@lemmy.today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Login</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/login/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/login/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Sign Up</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemmy:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today"&gt;hyzen@lemmy.today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>ET DCM1107 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>GE DCM1106 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Login</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/login/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/login/</guid><description/></item><item><title>PBM DCM1110 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Sign Up</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ All updates
</button> </button>
<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml> <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
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</button> </button>
<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml> <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
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8
docs/uninotes/index.html
View File

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ All updates
<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml> <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></nav><h1>UniNotes</h1><h3 class=uninotes-contents-heading>Contents</h3><div class=uninotes-contents><div class=uninotes-contents__semester><a class=uninotes-contents__sem-link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a> Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></nav><h1>UniNotes</h1><h3 class=uninotes-contents-heading>Contents</h3><div class=uninotes-contents><div class=uninotes-contents__semester><a class=uninotes-contents__sem-link href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a> <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a> <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/>Self</a>
<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a> <a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/>Self</a>
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class=
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a>
<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/>Self</a> <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/>Self</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>UniNotes on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/</link><description>Recent content in UniNotes on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate/><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>UniNotes on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/</link><description>Recent content in UniNotes on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>BO DCM1109 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>ET DCM1107 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>GE DCM1106 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>PBM DCM1110 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</guid><description/></item></channel></rss>

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<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml> <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
› <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>BO DCM1109 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-6-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#concept>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-industry>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-commerce>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-as-a-system>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-input-process-output-model>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-and-environment-interface>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#objectives-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>#</a></span></h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business</a></li><li><a href=#concept>Concept</a></li><li><a href=#scope>Scope</a><ul><li><a href=#a-industry>A) Industry</a></li><li><a href=#b-commerce>B) Commerce</a></li><li><a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-as-a-system>Business as a System</a><ul><li><a href=#b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface</a></li><li><a href=#objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business</a></li><li><a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-6-2026><em><strong>April 6, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-6-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=features-and-nature-of-business>Features and Nature of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#features-and-nature-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic Activity.<br>B) Continuous Activity.<br>C) Profit Motive.<br>D) Exchange of goods and services.<br>E) Customer Orientation.<br>F) Risk and Uncertainty.<br>G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.<br>H) Global.</p><h2 class=heading id=concept>Concept<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#concept>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Value Creation.<br>B) Profit.<br>C) Social.<br>D) Organised.<br>E) Dynanic.</p><h2 class=heading id=scope>Scope<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-industry>A) Industry<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-industry>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).</li><li>Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.</li><li>Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)</li><li>Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)</li><li>Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-commerce>B) Commerce<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-commerce>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade.</li><li>Auxiliaries to Trade.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-modern-dimensions-of-business>C) Modern Dimensions of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-modern-dimensions-of-business>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>E-Business.</li><li>Green Business.</li><li>Social Business.</li><li>Global Business.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-as-a-system>Business as a System<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-as-a-system>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Interdependance.<br>B) Input-Process-Output Model.<br>C) Open System.<br>D) Dynamic Nature.</p><h3 class=heading id=b-input-process-output-model>B) Input-Process-Output Model<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-input-process-output-model>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Input.</li><li>Process.</li><li>Output.</li><li>Feedback.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=business-and-environment-interface>Business and Environment Interface<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#business-and-environment-interface>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Social Environment.<br>B) Economic Environment.<br>C) Politico-legal Environment.<br>D) Technological Environment.<br>E) International Environment.</p><h2 class=heading id=objectives-of-business>Objectives of Business<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#objectives-of-business>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Economic.<br>B) Social.<br>C) Human.<br>D) National.<br>E) International.</p><h2 class=heading id=profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profit-maximization-vs-social-responsibility>#</a></span></h2><p>(Research pending)</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-17-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#modes-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-associations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-federations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-consolidations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-horizontal>#</a></span></h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-vertical>#</a></span></h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-circular>#</a></span></h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-conglomerate>#</a></span></h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-17-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#modes-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-associations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-federations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-consolidations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-horizontal>#</a></span></h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-vertical>#</a></span></h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-circular>#</a></span></h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-conglomerate>#</a></span></h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
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<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost

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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
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&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#course-objectives>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nature>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#methods>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-inductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-deductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#course-objectives>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nature>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#methods>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-inductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-deductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; 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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-25-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definitions>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#gross-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#net-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#real-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#liquidity>#</a></span></h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-of-interest>#</a></span></h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-25-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definitions>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#gross-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#net-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#real-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#liquidity>#</a></span></h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-of-interest>#</a></span></h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression. <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a> F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/</link><description>Recent content in GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/</link><description>Recent content in GE DCM1106 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>GE DCM1106 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-theories>#</a></span></h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language</a><ul><li><a href=#types-of-theories>Types of Theories</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=theories-on-the-origin-of-language>Theories on the Origin of Language<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-on-the-origin-of-language>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=types-of-theories>Types of Theories<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-theories>#</a></span></h3><p>A) Divine.<br>B) Bow-Bow.<br>C) Pooh-Pooh.<br>D) Ding-Dong.<br>E) Gesture.<br>F) Yo-He-Ho.<br>G) Musical.<br>H) Tool-Making.<br>I) Evolutionary.<br>J) Symbolic.<br>K) Contemporary Perspective.</p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/</link><description>Recent content in PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt; <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/</link><description>Recent content in PBM DCM1110 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>PBM DCM1110 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt; &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#introduction>#</a></span></h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#introduction>#</a></span></h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
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<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management</a></li><li><a href=#functions-of-management>Functions of Management</a><ul><li><a href=#a-planning>A) Planning</a></li><li><a href=#b-organising>B) Organising</a></li><li><a href=#c-staffing>C) Staffing</a></li><li><a href=#d-directing>D) Directing</a></li><li><a href=#e-controlling>E) Controlling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#significance-of-management>Significance of Management</a></li><li><a href=#scope-of-management>Scope of Management</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#characteristics-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Goal Oriented.<br>B) Pervasive.<br>C) Multidimentional:<br>         (i) Management of People.<br>         (ii) Management of Operations.<br>D) Continuous.<br>E) Dynamic.<br>F) Group Activity.<br>G) Intangible.</p><h2 class=heading id=functions-of-management>Functions of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#functions-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Planning.<br>B) Organising.<br>C) Staffing.<br>D) Directing.<br>E) Controlling.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-planning>A) Planning<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-planning>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.</li><li>Forecast future conditions.</li><li>Select the best course of action.</li><li>Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-organising>B) Organising<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-organising>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.</li><li>Group similar activities.</li><li>Assign duties to individuals.</li><li>Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.</li><li>Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-staffing>C) Staffing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-staffing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Recruitment and selection.</li><li>Training.</li><li>Performance appraisal.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-directing>D) Directing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-directing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Leadership and supervision.</li><li>Motivation.</li><li>Communication.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-controlling>E) Controlling<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-controlling>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Establish performance standards.</li><li>Measure performance.</li><li>Compare performance with the standards.</li><li>Identify reasons for deviations.</li><li>Implement corrective actions.</li><li>Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=significance-of-management>Significance of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#significance-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Optimum unilization of resources.<br>B) Minimisation of costs.<br>C) Achievement of group goals.<br>D) Organisational stability.</p><ul><li>Management depends on Effectiveness and Efficiency.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=scope-of-management>Scope of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Production Management.<br>B) Personal Management.<br>C) Marketing Management.<br>D) Financial Management.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management</a></li><li><a href=#functions-of-management>Functions of Management</a><ul><li><a href=#a-planning>A) Planning</a></li><li><a href=#b-organising>B) Organising</a></li><li><a href=#c-staffing>C) Staffing</a></li><li><a href=#d-directing>D) Directing</a></li><li><a href=#e-controlling>E) Controlling</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#significance-of-management>Significance of Management</a></li><li><a href=#scope-of-management>Scope of Management</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=characteristics-of-management>Characteristics of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#characteristics-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Goal Oriented.<br>B) Pervasive.<br>C) Multidimentional:<br>         (i) Management of People.<br>         (ii) Management of Operations.<br>D) Continuous.<br>E) Dynamic.<br>F) Group Activity.<br>G) Intangible.</p><h2 class=heading id=functions-of-management>Functions of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#functions-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Planning.<br>B) Organising.<br>C) Staffing.<br>D) Directing.<br>E) Controlling.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-planning>A) Planning<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-planning>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.</li><li>Forecast future conditions.</li><li>Select the best course of action.</li><li>Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-organising>B) Organising<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-organising>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.</li><li>Group similar activities.</li><li>Assign duties to individuals.</li><li>Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.</li><li>Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-staffing>C) Staffing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-staffing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Recruitment and selection.</li><li>Training.</li><li>Performance appraisal.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-directing>D) Directing<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-directing>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Leadership and supervision.</li><li>Motivation.</li><li>Communication.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-controlling>E) Controlling<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-controlling>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Establish performance standards.</li><li>Measure performance.</li><li>Compare performance with the standards.</li><li>Identify reasons for deviations.</li><li>Implement corrective actions.</li><li>Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.</li></ol><h2 class=heading id=significance-of-management>Significance of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#significance-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Optimum unilization of resources.<br>B) Minimisation of costs.<br>C) Achievement of group goals.<br>D) Organisational stability.</p><ul><li>Management depends on Effectiveness and Efficiency.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=scope-of-management>Scope of Management<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#scope-of-management>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Production Management.<br>B) Personal Management.<br>C) Marketing Management.<br>D) Financial Management.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; 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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</a><ul><li><a href=#a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</a></li><li><a href=#b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</a></li><li><a href=#c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</a></li><li><a href=#d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</a></li><li><a href=#e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</a></li><li><a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</a></li><li><a href=#g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</a></li><li><a href=#h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</a></li><li><a href=#i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</a></li><li><a href=#j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</a></li><li><a href=#managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</a><ul><li><a href=#a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</a></li><li><a href=#b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</a></li><li><a href=#c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</a><ul><li><a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</a></li><li><a href=#b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</a></li><li><a href=#c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#behaviors-of-managers>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-coaching-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</a><ul><li><a href=#a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</a></li><li><a href=#b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</a></li><li><a href=#c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</a></li><li><a href=#d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</a></li><li><a href=#e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</a></li><li><a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</a></li><li><a href=#g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</a></li><li><a href=#h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</a></li><li><a href=#i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</a></li><li><a href=#j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</a></li><li><a href=#managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</a><ul><li><a href=#a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</a></li><li><a href=#b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</a></li><li><a href=#c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</a><ul><li><a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</a></li><li><a href=#b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</a></li><li><a href=#c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#behaviors-of-managers>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-coaching-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common

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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a> <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 4</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches</a><ul><li><a href=#a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement</a></li><li><a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo</a></li><li><a href=#b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach</a></li><li><a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory</a></li><li><a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-20-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#neoclassical-approaches>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-human-relations-movement>#</a></span></h3><p>Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:</p><ul><li>Economic Depression - 1929.</li><li>Progress in Technology.</li><li>Response to Taylorism.</li><li>Enmity between classes.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>#</a></span></h3><p>The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations</p><p>Four Experiments:</p><ol><li><strong>Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):</strong> Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.</li><li><strong>Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):</strong> Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.</li><li><strong>Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):</strong> Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.</li><li><strong>Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):</strong> Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-behavioral-approach>#</a></span></h3><p>This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.</p><h3 class=heading id=1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).</li><li>Safety and Security Needs.</li><li>Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).</li><li>Esteem Needs.</li><li>Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><strong>Theory X:</strong> If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.</li><li><strong>Theory Y:</strong> If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 4</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches</a><ul><li><a href=#a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement</a></li><li><a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo</a></li><li><a href=#b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach</a></li><li><a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory</a></li><li><a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-20-2026><em><strong>April 20, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-20-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=neoclassical-approaches>Neoclassical Approaches<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#neoclassical-approaches>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-human-relations-movement>A) Human Relations Movement<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-human-relations-movement>#</a></span></h3><p>Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:</p><ul><li>Economic Depression - 1929.</li><li>Progress in Technology.</li><li>Response to Taylorism.</li><li>Enmity between classes.</li></ul><h3 class=heading id=1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>1. Contribution of Elton Mayo<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-contribution-of-elton-mayo>#</a></span></h3><p>The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations</p><p>Four Experiments:</p><ol><li><strong>Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):</strong> Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.</li><li><strong>Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):</strong> Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.</li><li><strong>Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):</strong> Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.</li><li><strong>Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):</strong> Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-behavioral-approach>B) Behavioral Approach<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-behavioral-approach>#</a></span></h3><p>This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.</p><h3 class=heading id=1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#1-abraham-maslows-hierarchy-of-needs-theory>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).</li><li>Safety and Security Needs.</li><li>Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).</li><li>Esteem Needs.</li><li>Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#2-douglas-mcgregors-theory-of-motivation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><strong>Theory X:</strong> If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.</li><li><strong>Theory Y:</strong> If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>← Unit 3</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

143
layouts/subjectcode/term.html
View File

@@ -1,120 +1,59 @@
{{ define "main" }} {{ define "main" }} {{ $subjectCode := .Title }} {{/* Get semester from first post */}} {{ $semester
:= "" }} {{ range .Pages }} {{ if eq $semester "" }} {{ $raw := .Params.semester }} {{ if
{{ $subjectCode := .Title }} reflect.IsSlice $raw }} {{ $semester = index $raw 0 }} {{ else }} {{ $semester = $raw }} {{ end }}
{{ end }} {{ end }}
{{/* Get semester from first post */}}
{{ $semester := "" }}
{{ range .Pages }}
{{ if eq $semester "" }}
{{ $raw := .Params.semester }}
{{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }}
{{ $semester = index $raw 0 }}
{{ else }}
{{ $semester = $raw }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
<nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"> <nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs">
<a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a> <a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
{{ if $semester }} {{ if $semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
{{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }} {{ if $semPage }} › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a> {{ end }} {{ end
{{ if $semPage }} }} › <span>{{ $subjectCode }}</span>
› <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a>
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
› <span>{{ $subjectCode }}</span>
</nav> </nav>
<h1>{{ $subjectCode }}</h1> <h1>{{ $subjectCode }}</h1>
{{/* Collect unique unit labels and sort numerically */}} {{/* Collect unique unit labels and sort numerically */}} {{ $seenUnits := slice }} {{ $unitDicts :=
{{ $seenUnits := slice }} slice }} {{ range .Pages }} {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }} {{ if not (in
{{ $unitDicts := slice }} $seenUnits $unitLabel) }} {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }} {{/* Extract unit number
{{ range .Pages }} for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}} {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }} {{ $uLast := index
{{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }} $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }} {{ $uNumStr := "" }} {{ range (split $uLast "") }} {{ if ge . "0"
{{ if not (in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }} }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ $uNum :=
{{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }} int ($uNumStr | default "0") }} {{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{ end }} {{
{{/* Extract unit number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}} $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }} {{ end }} {{ end
{{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }} }} {{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
{{ $uLast := index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }}
{{ $uNumStr := "" }}
{{ range (split $uLast "") }}
{{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
{{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
<ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"> <ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units">
{{ range $sortedUnitDicts }} {{ range $sortedUnitDicts }} {{ $unitUrl := .page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not $unitUrl }}{{
$unitUrl = .page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
<li class="uninotes-list__item"> <li class="uninotes-list__item">
<a class="uninotes-list__link" href="{{ .page.Params.uniturl }}"> <a class="uninotes-list__link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}"> {{ .label }} </a>
{{ .label }}
</a>
</li> </li>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
</ul> </ul>
{{/* Subject prev/next — siblings in same semester, sorted numerically by code number */}} {{/* Subject prev/next — siblings in same semester, sorted numerically by code number */}} {{ if
{{ if $semester }} $semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }} {{ if
{{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }} $semPage }} {{/* Collect unique subject codes */}} {{ $siblingCodes := slice }} {{ range
{{ if $semPage }} $semPage.Pages }} {{ $raw := .Params.subjectcode }} {{ $code := "" }} {{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }}
{{/* Collect unique subject codes */}} {{ $code = index $raw 0 }} {{ else }} {{ $code = $raw }} {{ end }} {{ if and $code (not (in
{{ $siblingCodes := slice }} $siblingCodes $code)) }} {{ $siblingCodes = $siblingCodes | append $code }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{/*
{{ range $semPage.Pages }} Sort subject codes numerically by extracting the number (e.g. "BO DCM1109" → 1109) */}} {{
{{ $raw := .Params.subjectcode }} $codeDicts := slice }} {{ range $siblingCodes }} {{ $code := . }} {{ $parts := split $code " " }} {{
{{ $code := "" }} $lastPart := index $parts (sub (len $parts) 1) }} {{ $numStr := "" }} {{ range (split $lastPart "")
{{ if reflect.IsSlice $raw }} }} {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $numStr = printf "%s%s" $numStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{
{{ $code = index $raw 0 }} end }} {{ $num := int ($numStr | default "0") }} {{ $codeDicts = $codeDicts | append (dict "code"
{{ else }} $code "num" $num) }} {{ end }} {{ $sortedCodeDicts := sort $codeDicts "num" }} {{ if gt (len
{{ $code = $raw }} $sortedCodeDicts) 1 }} {{ $currentIdx := 0 }} {{ range $i, $d := $sortedCodeDicts }} {{ if eq
{{ end }} $d.code $subjectCode }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ if and $code (not (in $siblingCodes $code)) }}
{{ $siblingCodes = $siblingCodes | append $code }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{/* Sort subject codes numerically by extracting the number (e.g. "BO DCM1109" → 1109) */}}
{{ $codeDicts := slice }}
{{ range $siblingCodes }}
{{ $code := . }}
{{ $parts := split $code " " }}
{{ $lastPart := index $parts (sub (len $parts) 1) }}
{{ $numStr := "" }}
{{ range (split $lastPart "") }}
{{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $numStr = printf "%s%s" $numStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ $num := int ($numStr | default "0") }}
{{ $codeDicts = $codeDicts | append (dict "code" $code "num" $num) }}
{{ end }}
{{ $sortedCodeDicts := sort $codeDicts "num" }}
{{ if gt (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1 }}
{{ $currentIdx := 0 }}
{{ range $i, $d := $sortedCodeDicts }}
{{ if eq $d.code $subjectCode }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }}
{{ end }}
<nav class="page-nav"> <nav class="page-nav">
{{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ $prevCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)).code }}
{{ $prevCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)).code }} {{ $prevPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($prevCode | urlize)) }} {{ if $prevPage
{{ $prevPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($prevCode | urlize)) }} }}
{{ if $prevPage }}
<a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevPage.RelPermalink }}">← {{ $prevCode }}</a> <a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevPage.RelPermalink }}">← {{ $prevCode }}</a>
{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1) }} {{ $nextCode :=
{{ end }} (index $sortedCodeDicts (add $currentIdx 1)).code }} {{ $nextPage := site.GetPage (printf
{{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedCodeDicts) 1) }} "/subjectcode/%s" ($nextCode | urlize)) }} {{ if $nextPage }}
{{ $nextCode := (index $sortedCodeDicts (add $currentIdx 1)).code }}
{{ $nextPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($nextCode | urlize)) }}
{{ if $nextPage }}
<a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $nextCode }} →</a> <a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $nextCode }} →</a>
{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ end }}
</nav> </nav>
{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}

6
layouts/uninotes/section.html
View File

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@
{{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
{{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }} {{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
{{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{ end }}
{{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }} {{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
{{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ end }} {{ end }}
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@
{{ $unitLabel := .label }} {{ $unitLabel := .label }}
{{ $repPage := .page }} {{ $repPage := .page }}
{{ $unitUrl := $repPage.Params.uniturl }} {{ $unitUrl := $repPage.Params.uniturl }}
{{ if not $unitUrl }}{{ $unitUrl = $repPage.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
{{/* Find Self and Live URLs for this unit */}} {{/* Find Self and Live URLs for this unit */}}
{{ $selfUrl := "" }} {{ $selfUrl := "" }}
{{ $liveUrl := "" }} {{ $liveUrl := "" }}
@@ -103,6 +105,9 @@
{{ end }} {{ end }}
<li class="uninotes-contents__unit"> <li class="uninotes-contents__unit">
{{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}
<a class="uninotes-contents__unit-link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}">{{ $unitLabel }}</a>
{{ else }}
<a class="uninotes-contents__unit-link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}">{{ $unitLabel }}</a> <a class="uninotes-contents__unit-link" href="{{ $unitUrl }}">{{ $unitLabel }}</a>
<span class="uninotes-contents__unit-cats"> <span class="uninotes-contents__unit-cats">
{{ if $selfUrl }} {{ if $selfUrl }}
@@ -116,6 +121,7 @@
<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span> <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
</span> </span>
{{ end }}
</li> </li>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
</ul> </ul>

131
layouts/uninotes/single.html
View File

@@ -1,99 +1,62 @@
{{ define "main" }} {{ define "main" }} {{ $semesterRaw := .Params.semester }} {{ $subjectcodeRaw := .Params.subjectcode
}} {{ $semester := "" }} {{ if reflect.IsSlice $semesterRaw }} {{ $semester = index $semesterRaw 0
{{ $semesterRaw := .Params.semester }} }} {{ else }} {{ $semester = $semesterRaw }} {{ end }} {{ $subjectcode := "" }} {{ if
{{ $subjectcodeRaw := .Params.subjectcode }} reflect.IsSlice $subjectcodeRaw }} {{ $subjectcode = index $subjectcodeRaw 0 }} {{ else }} {{
{{ $semester := "" }} $subjectcode = $subjectcodeRaw }} {{ end }}
{{ if reflect.IsSlice $semesterRaw }}
{{ $semester = index $semesterRaw 0 }}
{{ else }}
{{ $semester = $semesterRaw }}
{{ end }}
{{ $subjectcode := "" }}
{{ if reflect.IsSlice $subjectcodeRaw }}
{{ $subjectcode = index $subjectcodeRaw 0 }}
{{ else }}
{{ $subjectcode = $subjectcodeRaw }}
{{ end }}
<nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"> <nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs">
<a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a> <a href="/uninotes/">UniNotes</a>
{{ if $semester }} {{ if $semester }} {{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }}
{{ $semPage := site.GetPage (printf "/semester/%s" ($semester | urlize)) }} {{ if $semPage }} › <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a> {{ end }} {{ end
{{ if $semPage }} }} {{ if $subjectcode }} {{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode |
› <a href="{{ $semPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $semester }}</a> urlize)) }} {{ if $subPage }} › <a href="{{ $subPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $subjectcode }}</a> {{
end }} {{ end }} {{ if .Params.uniturl }} ›
<a href="{{ .Params.uniturl }}">{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</a> ›
<span>{{ .Params.notecategory | default "Notes" }}</span> {{ else }} ›
<span>{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</span>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ if $subjectcode }}
{{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }}
{{ if $subPage }}
› <a href="{{ $subPage.RelPermalink }}">{{ $subjectcode }}</a>
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
› <a href="{{ .Params.uniturl }}">{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</a>
› <span>{{ .Params.notecategory | default "Notes" }}</span>
</nav> </nav>
<div class="uninotes-meta"> <div class="uninotes-meta">
{{ with $semester }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} {{ with $semester }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} {{ with
{{ with $subjectcode }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} $subjectcode }}<span class="uninotes-meta__pill">{{ . }}</span>{{ end }} {{ if
{{ with .Params.notecategory }} .Params.notecategory }}
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ . | lower }}">{{ . }}</span> <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ .Params.notecategory | lower }}"
>{{ .Params.notecategory }}</span
>
{{ else if .Params.unit }}
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--{{ .Params.unit | lower }}"
>{{ .Params.unit }}</span
>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
</div> </div>
<h1>{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</h1> <h1>{{ .Params.unit | default .Title }}</h1>
{{ partial "page/toc.html" . }} {{ partial "page/toc.html" . }} {{ .Content }} {{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "tags"
"page" .) }} {{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "categories" "page" .) }} {{/* Next/prev
{{ .Content }} among sibling UNITS in the same subjectcode — sorted numerically */}} {{ if $subjectcode }} {{
$subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }} {{ if $subPage }}
{{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "tags" "page" .) }} {{/* Build deduplicated unit list with numeric sort key */}} {{ $seenUnits := slice }} {{ $unitDicts
{{ partial "page/terms.html" (dict "taxonomy" "categories" "page" .) }} := slice }} {{ range $subPage.Pages }} {{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }} {{ if not
(in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }} {{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }} {{/* Extract unit
{{/* Next/prev among sibling UNITS in the same subjectcode — sorted numerically */}} number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}} {{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }} {{ $uLast :=
{{ if $subjectcode }} index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }} {{ $uNumStr := "" }} {{ range (split $uLast "") }} {{ if ge .
{{ $subPage := site.GetPage (printf "/subjectcode/%s" ($subjectcode | urlize)) }} "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{
{{ if $subPage }} $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }} {{ if eq (upper $unitLabel) "QNA" }}{{ $uNum = 999999 }}{{
{{/* Build deduplicated unit list with numeric sort key */}} end }} {{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }} {{ end
{{ $seenUnits := slice }} }} {{ end }} {{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }} {{ $currentUnit := (.Params.unit |
{{ $unitDicts := slice }} default .Title) }} {{ $currentIdx := 0 }} {{ range $i, $d := $sortedUnitDicts }} {{ if eq $d.label
{{ range $subPage.Pages }} $currentUnit }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ if gt (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1 }}
{{ $unitLabel := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }}
{{ if not (in $seenUnits $unitLabel) }}
{{ $seenUnits = $seenUnits | append $unitLabel }}
{{/* Extract unit number for numeric sort, e.g. "Unit 11" → 11 */}}
{{ $uParts := split $unitLabel " " }}
{{ $uLast := index $uParts (sub (len $uParts) 1) }}
{{ $uNumStr := "" }}
{{ range (split $uLast "") }}
{{ if ge . "0" }}{{ if le . "9" }}{{ $uNumStr = printf "%s%s" $uNumStr . }}{{ end }}{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ $uNum := int ($uNumStr | default "0") }}
{{ $unitDicts = $unitDicts | append (dict "label" $unitLabel "page" . "num" $uNum) }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ $sortedUnitDicts := sort $unitDicts "num" }}
{{ $currentUnit := (.Params.unit | default .Title) }}
{{ $currentIdx := 0 }}
{{ range $i, $d := $sortedUnitDicts }}
{{ if eq $d.label $currentUnit }}{{ $currentIdx = $i }}{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ if gt (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1 }}
<nav class="page-nav"> <nav class="page-nav">
{{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ if gt $currentIdx 0 }} {{ $prev := (index $sortedUnitDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)) }} {{
{{ $prev := (index $sortedUnitDicts (sub $currentIdx 1)) }} $prevUrl := $prev.page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not $prevUrl }}{{ $prevUrl =
<a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prev.page.Params.uniturl }}">← {{ $prev.label }}</a> $prev.page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
{{ end }} <a class="page-nav__previous-link" href="{{ $prevUrl }}">← {{ $prev.label }}</a>
{{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1) }} {{ end }} {{ if lt $currentIdx (sub (len $sortedUnitDicts) 1) }} {{ $next := (index
{{ $next := (index $sortedUnitDicts (add $currentIdx 1)) }} $sortedUnitDicts (add $currentIdx 1)) }} {{ $nextUrl := $next.page.Params.uniturl }} {{ if not
<a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $next.page.Params.uniturl }}">{{ $next.label }} →</a> $nextUrl }}{{ $nextUrl = $next.page.RelPermalink }}{{ end }}
<a class="page-nav__next-link" href="{{ $nextUrl }}">{{ $next.label }} →</a>
{{ end }} {{ end }}
</nav> </nav>
{{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ partial "page/page-end.html" . }} {{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ end }}
{{ partial "page/page-end.html" . }}
{{ end }}