Update: QNA BO

LICENSE

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+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+
+ Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
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+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
+

changelog/_index.md

@@ -2,16 +2,31 @@
 title: "Changelog"
 ---
 
-## [2026-04-15]
+[21-06-2026]
+- ***Update: Email and XMPP pages.***
 
-- Added UniNote PBM DCM1109 Uni3 Self. 
+[13-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy.***
+- ***Add: Backend repository link.***
 
-## [2026-04-15]
+[10-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Comments on blogposts.***
 
-- Added UniNote BO DCM1109 Uni3 Self. 
+[08-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Email registration on the website.***
 
-## [2026-04-14]
+[07-06-2026]
+- ***Add: XMPP registration on the website.***
 
-- Changelog page.
+[06-06-2026]
-- Removed year from footer copyright.
+- ***Add: OTP verification during sign up.***
-- "Contents" style UniNotes page.
+
+[05-06-2026]
+- ***Update: Buttons restructure.***
+
+[04-06-2026]
+- ***Add: Login/Log Out.***
+
+[14-04-2026]
+- ***Add: Changelog page.***
+- ***Remove: Year from footer copyright.***

content/_index.md

@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.
 ### Site's Code:
 
 <p style="text-indent: 1.185em;">
-This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find it <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
+This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗</a> and backend <a href="https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/freedoms4-backend-public.git" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> here↗.</a>
 </p>

content/admin.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'User Management'
++++

content/login/index.md

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 ---
-title: "Coming soon!"
+title: "Login"
 description: "Login to Freedoms4."
 ---
-
-The feature is not available yet.

content/services/_index.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 ---
 title: "Services"
+outputs: ["HTML"]
 ---

content/services/email.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Email'
+weight = 1
+registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get a private email account.'
++++
+
+<div id="email-loggedin" style="display:none">
+  <p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id="email-address"></span></p>
+  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="email-loggedout" style="display:none">
+  <p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p>
+  <p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an email account.</p>
+</div>
+<script>
+(function () {
+  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
+  if (username) {
+    document.getElementById('email-address').textContent = username + '@freedoms4.org';
+    document.getElementById('email-loggedin').style.display = '';
+  } else {
+    document.getElementById('email-loggedout').style.display = '';
+  }
+})();
+</script>

content/services/file-share.md

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 +++
 draft = false
-title = 'File share'
+title = 'File Share'
+weight = 3
+registration-needed = false
 +++
 
 Visit <a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">

content/services/xmpp-account.md

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-+++
-draft = false
-title = 'XMPP Account'
-+++
-
-Send your desired username to hyzen@freedoms4.org via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours.

content/services/xmpp.md

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'XMPP'
+weight = 2
+registration-needed = true
+summary = 'Get an XMPP account.'
++++
+
+<div id="xmpp-loggedin" style="display:none">
+  <p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id="xmpp-jid"></span></p>
+  <p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p>
+</div>
+<div id="xmpp-loggedout" style="display:none">
+  <p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p>
+  <p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p>
+  <p>Please <a href="/signup/">sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p>
+</div>
+<script>
+(function () {
+  var username = localStorage.getItem('f4_username');
+  if (username) {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-jid').textContent = username.toLowerCase() + '@freedoms4.org';
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedin').style.display = '';
+  } else {
+    document.getElementById('xmpp-loggedout').style.display = '';
+  }
+})();
+</script>

content/signup/index.md

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 ---
-title: "Coming soon!"
+title: "Sign Up"
 description: "Sign up for Freedoms4."
 ---
-
-The feature is not available yet.

content/uninotes/bo-dcm1109-unit11/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 11'
+unit = 'Unit 11'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/'
++++

content/uninotes/bo-dcm1109-unit11/self.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['BO DCM1109']
+unit = 'Unit 11'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 11'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/'
++++
+
+### ***May 17, 2026***
+
+## Modes of Business Combination
+
+### A) Associations
+1. Trade Association
+2. Chamber of Commerce
+3. Informal agreements
+
+### B) Federations
+1. Formal agreements
+2. Pools
+3. Cartels
+
+### C) Consolidations
+
+1. Partials Consolidations  
+a. Trust  
+b. Holding Companies  
+c. Community of Interest
+
+2. Complete Consolidations  
+a. Mergers  
+b. Acquisition  
+c. Amalgamation
+
+## Types of Business Combination
+
+### A) Horizontal
+
+These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
+
+### A) Vertical
+
+A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:
+
+1. **Forward Combination:** Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer. 
+
+1. **Backward Combination:** Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.
+
+### C) Circular
+
+A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.
+
+
+### D) Conglomerate
+
+A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit12/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 12' 
+unit = 'Unit 12'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/'
++++

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit12/self.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['ET DCM1107']
+unit = 'Unit 12'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 12'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/'
++++
+
+### ***May 25, 2026***
+
+## Definitions
+
+### Interest
+The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+
+### Gross Interest
+The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+
+### Net Interest
+The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
+
+### Nominal Rate of Interest
+The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.
+
+### Real Rate of Interest
+The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.
+
+### Liquidity
+The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.
+
+## Theories of Interest
+
+| Theory of Interest                          | Economist(s)                                                | Short Summary                                                                                                                                    |
+| ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| **Abstinence Theory of Interest**           | **Nassau William Senior**                                   | Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.                                    |
+| **Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest** | **Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk** (developed from John Rae’s ideas) | Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.  |
+| **Fisher’s Time Preference Theory**         | **Irving Fisher**                                           | Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities. |
+| **Loanable Funds Theory**                   | **Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson**           | Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.                     |
+| **Liquidity Preference Theory**             | **John Maynard Keynes**                                     | Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.                                       |

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit5/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 5'
+unit = 'Unit 5'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/'
++++

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit5/self.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['ET DCM1107']
+unit = 'Unit 5'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 5'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/'
++++
+
+### ***May 01, 2026***
+
+## Explicit Cost
+
+Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+
+## Implicit Cost
+
+Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.
+
+
+## Ecnonomic Profit
+
+Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)
+
+## Short Run Costs
+The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:
+* Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.
+* Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.
+
+Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)
+
+## Different types of Cost
+
+A) Real Cost  
+B) Economic Cost  
+C) Accounting Cost  
+D) Social Cost  
+E) Private Cost  
+F) Opportunity Cost  
+G) External Cost  
+H) Replacement Cost
+
+## Cost Function
+
+𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)  
+where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q
+
+
+## Total Cost
+
+TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)
+
+
+## Average Cost
+
+AC = TC / Quantity (Q)
+
+## Marginal Cost
+
+TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit6/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 6'
+unit = 'Unit 6'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/'
++++

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit6/self.md

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['ET DCM1107']
+unit = 'Unit 6'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 6'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/'
++++
+
+### ***May 02, 2026***
+
+## Production Function
+
+The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.  
+
+Q = f (L, C, N)  
+Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.
+
+## Time Elements in Production Function
+
+### A) Short run
+In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.
+
+### B) Long run
+In this period, not only can variable factors be increased or decreased, but fixed factors
+can also be changed. In other words, all factors of production can be varied.
+
+### C) Very long run
+This time period is so long that even the state of technology is also changed. Such technological changes are initiated by a long process of continuous research and development and it takes a very long time to apply.
+
+## Three Aspects of the Production Function
+
+### A) Total Production (TP)
+
+Total production refers to the total units of output produced per unit of time by all factor inputs. In the short run, the total output increases because of the alteration in the variable factor inputs, shown mathematically in the equation:  
+
+TP = f (QVF)  
+Where, f = functional relationship, QVF = the quantity of variable factors.
+
+### B) Average Production (AP)
+
+AP = TP/QVF  
+Where, TP = Total Production, QVF = the quantify of variable factors.
+
+### C) Marginal Production (MP)
+
+Marginal production refers to the additional units produced with the usage of the last variable factor. In other words, it is the change in total production that takes place due to the addition of a variable factor. All other factors remain constant, and the addition realized in the total product is the marginal product (M.P.). Mathematically, it is shown as:
+
+MP = n – 1  
+Where, MP = Marginal Production, n = total output increased due to the addition of one unit of the variable factor (n - 1 = total no. of factors before the increase of a marginal unit).
+
+
+## Isoquants
+
+An isoquant is a locus of points that represent the different technically efficient ways of combining the factors of production for producing a fixed level of output. Isoquant term is taken from a Greek word ‘iso’, which implies ‘equal’, and ‘quants’, which means ‘quantity’. The isoquant curve is known as the ‘equal product curve’ or production indifference curve. An isoquant curve presents the locus of points that indicate various combinations of two inputs – capital and labour, producing a specific quantity of output or another combination which produces the same output.
+
+## Types of Isoquant Curves
+
+### A) Linear Isoquant Curve
+
+This curve is a straight line curve. It implies that by employing either capital or labour through various combinations, any quantity can be produced.
+
+### B) Right Angle Isoquant Curve
+
+According to this type of isoquant curve, there is substitution between the factors of production, and they have a major complementary nature between them. This means that there is only a single way of manufacturing any one commodity. This form of the curve is also referred to as the ‘Leontief Iso-quant’ or ‘input-output isoquant’ right-angled curve.
+
+
+### C) Kinked Isoquant Curve
+
+In this form of the curve, there is a limited substitutability between the different factors of production, and this substitution of factors can be observed at the kinks because there are not many processes involved in producing any one commodity. A kinked isoquant curve is also called ‘activity analysis programming isoquant or linear programming isoquant’.
+
+### D) Convex Isoquant Curve
+
+In this form of isoquant curve, the factors of production can be substituted with each other only to a certain level. This type of isoquant curve is in a convex shape and is smooth at the origin.
+
+## Characteristics of Isoquant Curves
+
+* Isoquant curves slope downwards.
+* Isoquant curves are convex to the origin.
+* Isoquant curves do not intersect each other.
+* A higher isoquant shows a higher level of output.
+
+## Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution
+
+The MRTS is a theory in economics that is used to show the rate at which one factor of input should decrease to maintain the same level of output when another factor is increased.  
+
+MRTS = MPL/MPK
+
+Where, MPL = Marginal Product of Labour, MPK = Marginal Product of Capital.
+
+## Revenue
+
+### A) Total Revenue:
+
+TR = AR × Q
+
+Where, TR is Total Revenue, AR = Average Revenue, Q = Output.
+
+### B) Average Revenue:
+
+AR = TR/Q
+
+Where, AR = Average Revenue, TR = Total Revenue, Q = Output.
+
+### C) Marginal Revenue:
+
+Marginal revenue is the net revenue obtained by selling an extra unit of the concerned commodity. It is the addition made to the total revenue by selling one more unit of the goods. Marginal revenue is computed by the division of the change in the rate of total revenue by the change in the rate of quantity.
+
+MR = ΔTR/ΔQ (Marginal Revenue = Change in Total Revenue/Change in Quantity)

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit7/_index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 7'
+unit = 'Unit 7'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/'
++++

content/uninotes/et-dcm1107-unit7/self.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['ET DCM1107']
+unit = 'Unit 7'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 7'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/'
++++
+
+### ***May 08, 2026***
+
+## Types of Capital
+
+A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.  
+B) Fixed/Floating Capital.  
+C) Working Capital.  
+D) Gross Working Capital.  
+E) Net Working Capital.  
+F) Net Operating Working Capital.  
+
+## Types of Revenue
+
+### A) Operating Revenue
+1. Sales Revenue.
+2. Service Revenue.
+
+### B) Gross Revenue
+Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.
+
+### C) Net Revenue
+The value of a company's income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.
+
+### D) Deferred Revenue
+The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.
+
+### E) Accrued Revenue
+The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It's income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.
+
+## Classification of Expenditure
+
+**A) Capital Expenditure.**   
+**B) Revenue Expenditure.**  
+**C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:**
+
+Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.
+
+## Classification of Receipts
+A) Revenue Receipts.  
+B) Capital Receipts.  
+
+## Profits/Losses
+A) Capital Profits/Losses.  
+B) Revenue Profits/Losses.
+
+## Contingent
+A) Contingent Assets.  
+B) Contingent Liabilities.

content/uninotes/ge-dcm1106-qna.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
++++
+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['GE DCM1106']
+unit = 'QNA'
+title = 'GE DCM1106 QNA'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/'
++++
+
+### ***June 24, 2026***
+
+### Model Question Paper 5 Marks (200-250 words)
+
+**1. Discuss the difference between entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.**
+
+**Ans.**
+
+### Questions from Previous Year Question Papers 10 Marks
+
+### Unit 1 Long Answer (400-500 words)
+
+### Unit 1 Short Answer

content/uninotes/ge-dcm1106-unit1/_index.md

@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ draft = false
 title = 'Unit 1'
 unit = 'Unit 1'
 layout = 'unit-choice'
-url = '/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/'
 +++

content/uninotes/pbm-dcm1110-unit4/_index.md

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++++
+draft = false
+title = 'Unit 4'
+unit = 'Unit 4'
+layout = 'unit-choice'
+url = '/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/'
++++

content/uninotes/pbm-dcm1110-unit4/self.md

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+draft = false
+semester = ['S1']
+subjectcode = ['PBM DCM1110']
+unit = 'Unit 4'
+notecategory = 'Self'
+title = 'Unit 4'
+toc = true
+url = '/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/'
+uniturl = '/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/'
++++
+
+### ***April 20, 2026***
+
+## Neoclassical Approaches
+
+### A) Human Relations Movement
+
+Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:
+* Economic Depression - 1929.
+* Progress in Technology.
+* Response to Taylorism.
+* Enmity between classes.
+
+### 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo
+
+The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations  
+
+Four Experiments:  
+1. **Illumination Experiments (1924–1927):** Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.
+2. **Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928):** Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.
+3. **Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930):** Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.
+4. **Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932):** Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.
+
+### B) Behavioral Approach
+
+This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.
+
+### 1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
+
+1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).
+2. Safety and Security Needs.
+3. Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).
+4. Esteem Needs.
+5. Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).
+
+### 2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation
+
+1. **Theory X:** If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style. 
+2. **Theory Y:** If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.

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docs/blog/index.html

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docs/blog/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Blog on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/</link><description>Recent blog posts on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/categories/index.html

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
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docs/categories/philosophy/index.html

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
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-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Philosophy</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/categories/philosophy/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Philosophy on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/</link><description>Recent content in Philosophy on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/categories/philosophy/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/changelog/index.html

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+Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
+Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
+Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
+Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/changelog/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Changelog"><meta property="og:description" content="[21-06-2026]
+Update: Email and XMPP pages. [13-06-2026]
+Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy. Add: Backend repository link. [10-06-2026]
+Add: Comments on blogposts. [08-06-2026]
+Add: Email registration on the website. [07-06-2026]
+Add: XMPP registration on the website. [06-06-2026]
+Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
+Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
+Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
+Add: Changelog page. Remove: Year from footer copyright."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Changelog"><meta itemprop=description content="[21-06-2026]
+Update: Email and XMPP pages. [13-06-2026]
+Add: Terms and Conditions, Privacy Policy. Add: Backend repository link. [10-06-2026]
+Add: Comments on blogposts. [08-06-2026]
+Add: Email registration on the website. [07-06-2026]
+Add: XMPP registration on the website. [06-06-2026]
+Add: OTP verification during sign up. [05-06-2026]
+Update: Buttons restructure. [04-06-2026]
+Add: Login/Log Out. [14-04-2026]
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docs/coming-soon/index.html

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docs/contact/index.html

@@ -1,22 +1,25 @@
 <!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Contact | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Admin: hyzen
-Contacts # Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
 Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/contact/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Contact"><meta property="og:description" content="Admin: hyzen
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+Contacts Email and XMPP: hyzen@freedoms4.org
 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
 Lemmy: hyzen@lemmy.today"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta itemprop=name content="Contact"><meta itemprop=description content="Admin: hyzen
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 IRC/Liberachat: hyzen, #freedoms4
-Follow on # Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
+Follow on Mastodon: hyzen@mastodon.social
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docs/index.html

@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
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+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><h1 class=heading id=namaste->Namaste 🙏</h1><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My name is <b>hyzen</b>, I'm the founder of this site. This site is my space to write about my views on various subjects and explore ideas that matter to me. I also provide free <a href=/services/>services</a> to the public that may matter to them.</p><h3 class=heading id=on-the-blog-im-writing-about>On the <a href=/blog/>blog</a> I&rsquo;m writing about:</h3><ul><li><strong>Tech</strong> - Free and Open-Source Software, digital freedom.</li><li><strong>Philosophy</strong> - Reflections on ideas, ethics, meaning, and ways of thinking.</li><li><strong>Communism</strong> - I believe in Marxism. I am committed to the principle of providing internet services in a <b>socialist way</b>. This means creating tools and spaces that prioritize community benefit over profit, and believing in the collective good.</li><li><strong>Politics as a whole</strong> - Commentary on political systems, economics, and social issues.</li></ul><p style=text-indent:1.185em>Beyond theoretical discussions, I may also write about my day-to-day experiences, thoughts, and feelings - the personal reflections that shape my worldview and understanding of the world around me.</p><h3 class=heading id=motive>Motive:</h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>My goal is for everyone who visits this site to leave with something valuable.</p><h3 class=heading id=sites-code>Site&rsquo;s Code:</h3><p style=text-indent:1.185em>This site is also built with open source tools like Hugo and served freely. If you're interested in the code , you can find its frontend <a href=https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/hyzendust.github.io target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗</a> and backend <a href=https://git.freedoms4.org/hyzen/freedoms4-backend-public.git target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">here↗.</a></p></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/index.xml

@@ -1,326 +1,22 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/</link><description>Recent updates on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Email</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/email/</guid><description>Get a private email account.</description></item><item><title>XMPP</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/</guid><description>Get an XMPP account.</description></item><item><title>File Share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+share.freedoms4.org↗
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Politics.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
 &lt;p&gt;Education as a concept/implementation/system is good.
-Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming Soon</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/coming-soon/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;This feature is not yet available. Check back later!&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming soon!</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/login/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/login/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The feature is not available yet.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Coming soon!</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/signup/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;The feature is not available yet.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Contact</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/contact/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Admin:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen&lt;/p&gt;
+Academics is good only as a concept. It&amp;rsquo;s implementation and system is always the worst and corrupted.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="contacts"&gt;
- Contacts&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#contacts"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;Email&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href="xmpp:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;XMPP&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IRC/Liberachat:&lt;/strong&gt; hyzen, #freedoms4&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="follow-on"&gt;
- Follow on&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#follow-on"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="https://mastodon.social/@hyzen"&gt;Mastodon&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@mastodon.social"&gt;hyzen@mastodon.social&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Lemmy:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@lemmy.today"&gt;hyzen@lemmy.today&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>File share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
-share.freedoms4.org↗
-&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;
- Theories on the Origin of Language&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#theories-on-the-origin-of-language"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="types-of-theories"&gt;
- Types of Theories&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-theories"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Divine.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Bow-Bow.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Pooh-Pooh.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Ding-Dong.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Gesture.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Yo-He-Ho.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Musical.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Tool-Making.&lt;br&gt;
-I) Evolutionary.&lt;br&gt;
-J) Symbolic.&lt;br&gt;
-K) Contemporary Perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="introduction"&gt;
- Introduction&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#introduction"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="characteristics-of-management"&gt;
- Characteristics of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#characteristics-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Goal Oriented.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Pervasive.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Multidimentional:&lt;br&gt;
-         (i) Management of People.&lt;br&gt;
-         (ii) Management of Operations.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Continuous.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynamic.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Group Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Intangible.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="functions-of-management"&gt;
- Functions of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#functions-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Planning.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Organising.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Staffing.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Directing.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Controlling.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-planning"&gt;
- A) Planning&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-planning"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Forecast future conditions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Select the best course of action.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-organising"&gt;
- B) Organising&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-organising"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Group similar activities.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Assign duties to individuals.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-staffing"&gt;
- C) Staffing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-staffing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Recruitment and selection.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Training.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Performance appraisal.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-directing"&gt;
- D) Directing&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-directing"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Leadership and supervision.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Motivation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Communication.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-controlling"&gt;
- E) Controlling&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-controlling"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Establish performance standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Measure performance.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Compare performance with the standards.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Identify reasons for deviations.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Implement corrective actions.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="significance-of-management"&gt;
- Significance of Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#significance-of-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Optimum unilization of resources.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Minimisation of costs.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Achievement of group goals.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organisational stability.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="behaviors-of-managers"&gt;
- Behaviors of Managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#behaviors-of-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-coaching-managers"&gt;
- A) Coaching managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-coaching-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
-the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve.
-They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common
-qualities of a coaching manager include:&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Educating every employee of the organisation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Looking after the long-term professional development of their employees.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Bringing the team together whilst also evaluating each individual&amp;rsquo;s progress.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-authoritative-managers"&gt;
- B) Authoritative managers&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-authoritative-managers"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Authoritative managers make sure that they are handling most of the decision-making and task
-delegation by themselves, whilst also making sure that they are maintaining a strict protocol in their
-office. They most often focus on adhering to rules and making sure that employees complete tasks
-as per the company’s standard of quality. Some of the common qualities of an authoritative manager
-include:&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;
- Classical approach comprised the following three approaches:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#classical-approach-comprised-the-following-three-approaches"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-scientific-management"&gt;
- A) Scientific Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-scientific-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant &amp;amp; practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-administration-management"&gt;
- B) Administration Management&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-administration-management"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>XMPP Account</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Send your desired username to &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt; via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/js/session-check.js

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+(function () {
+	// ── UniNotes auth guard ──
+	if (window.location.pathname.indexOf('/uninotes/') === 0) {
+		if (localStorage.getItem('f4_username') !== 'hyzen') {
+			sessionStorage.setItem('f4_login_next', window.location.pathname);
+			window.location.replace('/login/');
+			return;
+		}
+	}
+
+	var path = window.location.pathname;
+	if (path === '/login/' || path === '/signup/') return;
+
+	// ── Save current page before navigating to login/signup ──
+	document.querySelectorAll('a[href="/login/"], a[href="/signup/"]').forEach(function (a) {
+		a.addEventListener('click', function () {
+			sessionStorage.setItem('f4_login_next', path);
+		});
+	});
+
+	// ── Validate session on every page load ──
+	if (!localStorage.getItem('f4_username')) return;
+
+	// Skip check if we just logged in (5 second grace period)
+	var loginTime = parseInt(localStorage.getItem('f4_login_time') || '0', 10);
+	if (Date.now() - loginTime < 5000) return;
+
+	fetch('https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php', {
+		method: 'POST',
+		headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+		credentials: 'include',
+		body: JSON.stringify({ action: 'check_session' }),
+	})
+		.then(function (r) {
+			return r.json();
+		})
+		.then(function (data) {
+			if (!data.valid) {
+				// Session invalid — clear localStorage and reload to update UI
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_username');
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_login_time');
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_session_fails');
+				window.location.reload();
+			} else {
+				localStorage.removeItem('f4_session_fails');
+			}
+		})
+		.catch(function () {
+			// Backend unreachable — do NOT log out, just ignore silently
+		});
+})();

docs/login/index.html

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docs/privacy/index.xml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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docs/semester/index.html

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docs/services/email/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Email | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/email/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Email"><meta property="og:description" content="Get a private email account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="Email"><meta itemprop=description content="Get a private email account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="72"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+› <span>Email</span></nav><h1>Email</h1><div id=email-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>Email ID:</strong> <span id=email-address></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=email-loggedout style=display:none><p>Big corporate email providers read and scan every message that passes through their servers. Your emails become training data and ad-targeting fuel.</p><p>We provide this service because email privacy shouldn't be a premium feature, it should be the default! Your emails here aren't mined or sold. They aren't anyone's business but yours.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an email account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("email-address").textContent=e+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("email-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("email-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp/>XMPP →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/services/file-share/index.html

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>File share | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="File share"><meta property="og:description" content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="File share"><meta itemprop=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="10"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>File Share | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="File Share"><meta property="og:description" content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="File Share"><meta itemprop=description content="Visit share.freedoms4.org↗ to quickly upload files and get sharable links."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="10"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-<a href=/index.xml class="mobile-link mobile-link--subscribe"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
+› <span>File Share</span></nav><h1>File Share</h1><p>Visit <a href=https://share.freedoms4.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">share.freedoms4.org↗
-Subscribe</a></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a>
+</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/xmpp/>← XMPP</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
-› <span>File share</span></nav><h1>File share</h1><p>Visit <a href=https://share.freedoms4.org target=_blank rel="noopener noreferrer">share.freedoms4.org↗
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
-</a>to quickly upload files and get sharable links.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP Account →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/index.html

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Services | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Services"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Services"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/services/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Services | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Services"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Services"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
 <svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
-<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class="brand__auth brand__auth--desktop"><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
+<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
 <label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
-<a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><a href=/services/index.xml class="rss-subscribe__link rss-subscribe__link--desktop" title="Subscribe via RSS"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
+<a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
-<span>Subscribe</span></a><div class=brand__mobile-menu><input type=checkbox id=mobile-menu-check class=brand__mobile-check>
+<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
-<label class=brand__mobile-toggle for=mobile-menu-check aria-label=Menu><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18" fill="currentColor"><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__mobile-links><a href=/login/ class=mobile-link>Login</a>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
-<a href=/signup/ class=mobile-link>Sign Up</a>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a></nav><h1>Services</h1><h2 class=services-group__title>Need Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/email/>Email</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/xmpp/>XMPP</a></li></ol><h2 class=services-group__title>Without Registration</h2><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/file-share/>File Share</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
-<a href=/services/index.xml class="mobile-link mobile-link--subscribe"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
-Subscribe</a></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/services/>Services</a></nav><h1>Services</h1><ol class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--subjects"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/file-share/>File share</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/services/xmpp-account/>XMPP Account</a></li></ol></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/index.xml

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Services on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/</link><description>Recent content in Services on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/services/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>File share</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/file-share/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Visit &lt;a href="https://share.freedoms4.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"&gt;
-share.freedoms4.org↗
-&lt;/a&gt; to quickly upload files and get sharable links.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>XMPP Account</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/</guid><description>&lt;p&gt;Send your desired username to &lt;a href="mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org"&gt;hyzen@freedoms4.org&lt;/a&gt; via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/services/xmpp-account/index.html

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP Account | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Send your desired username to hyzen@freedoms4.org via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp-account/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="XMPP Account"><meta property="og:description" content="Send your desired username to hyzen@freedoms4.org via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="XMPP Account"><meta itemprop=description content="Send your desired username to hyzen@freedoms4.org via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="24"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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-› <span>XMPP Account</span></nav><h1>XMPP Account</h1><p>Send your desired username to <a href=mailto:hyzen@freedoms4.org>hyzen@freedoms4.org</a> via Email (or via XMPP if already have an XMPP account). Account creation can take upto 24 hours.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/file-share/>← File share</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>

docs/services/xmpp/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>XMPP | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/services/xmpp/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="XMPP"><meta property="og:description" content="Get an XMPP account."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="services"><meta itemprop=name content="XMPP"><meta itemprop=description content="Get an XMPP account."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="102"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
+<label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
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+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
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+› <span>XMPP</span></nav><h1>XMPP</h1><div id=xmpp-loggedin style=display:none><p><strong>JID:</strong> <span id=xmpp-jid></span></p><p><strong>Password:</strong> Use the same password that you used during registration.</p></div><div id=xmpp-loggedout style=display:none><p>XMPP has been around since 1999, originally called Jabber. It was built as an open and decentralized protocol so that anyone could run their own server and still talk to people on other servers. It works in the same way email works across providers.</p><p>No ads reading your conversations, no algorithm deciding who sees what, no single corporation owning the network or able to shut it off. Just an open standard that's outlasted most of the modern chat apps that came after it.</p><p>Please <a href=/signup/>sign up</a> to have an XMPP account.</p></div><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");e?(document.getElementById("xmpp-jid").textContent=e.toLowerCase()+"@freedoms4.org",document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedin").style.display=""):document.getElementById("xmpp-loggedout").style.display=""})()</script><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/services/email/>← Email</a>
+<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/services/file-share/>File Share →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>

docs/subjectcode/index.html

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
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 › <span>Academics</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> |
-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Academics</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/tags/academics/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Academics on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/</link><description>Recent content in Academics on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/academics/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/tags/education/index.html

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Education | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Education"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Education"><meta itemprop=datePublished content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=dateModified content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/tags/education/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Education | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Education"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Education"><meta itemprop=datePublished content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><meta itemprop=dateModified content="2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/tags/education/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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 › <span>Education</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> |
-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Education</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>Education</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/tags/education/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Education on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/</link><description>Recent content in Education on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/education/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/tags/index.html

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
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docs/tags/system/index.html

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 › <a href=/categories/>Categories</a>
 › <span>System</span></nav><h1><a href=/blog/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>All Posts</a> |
-<a href=/categories/ style=text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-color)>Categories</a></h1><h2>System</h2><div style=margin-bottom:2rem></div><section class=posts-list><time class=published-date datetime=2026-03-01T18:11:14+00:00>Posted on: March 1, 2026</time><h2 class=term-post-title><a href=/blog/what-is-education/>What is Education?</a></h2></section><nav class=paginator></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/tags/system/index.xml

@@ -1,21 +1,16 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>System on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/</link><description>Recent content in System on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><lastBuildDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/tags/system/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>What is Education?</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</link><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2026 18:11:14 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/blog/what-is-education/</guid><description>&lt;h1 class="heading" id="what-is-education"&gt;What is Education?&lt;/h1&gt;
- What is Education?&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#what-is-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education simply means &amp;ldquo;learning&amp;rdquo;. It&amp;rsquo;s a natural process.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;Ratio of components in Education:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
- Ratio of components in Education:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#ratio-of-components-in-education"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;Education vs Academics:&lt;/h3&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% Skills, 20% Experience.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="education-vs-academics"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Education vs Academics:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#education-vs-academics"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Education and Academics are not the same thing. Academics is Education based of a curriculum and an institution. Plato discovered the word while describing his school of philosophy.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;
- Academics system has evolved with time and got worst. Let&amp;rsquo;s see what the system has become nowadays:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#academics-system-has-evolved-with-time-and-got-worst-lets-see-what-the-system-has-become-nowadays"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Wrong ratio of knowledge, skill, experience (knowledge takes about 90%).&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Generalised curriculum for all students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;
+&lt;h4 class="heading" id="extra-bad"&gt;Extra bad:&lt;/h4&gt;
- Extra bad:&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#extra-bad"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Goals are only bound to exams/grades, degree or certifications (year 1088), then getting jobs.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Unhealthy pressure and competition for students.&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li&gt;Money game.&lt;/li&gt;

docs/terms/index.xml

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Terms and Conditions on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/terms/</link><description>Recent content in Terms and Conditions on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/terms/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/index.html

@@ -1,28 +1,43 @@
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+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
+<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
+<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
+<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/>Self</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/>Self</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/>Self</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/>Self</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/>Self</a>
 <span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a>
 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/>Self</a>
-<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a>
-<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
+<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/>Self</a>
-<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
+<span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Live</span></span></li><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
-<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
-<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/>Live</a></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>GE DCM1106</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
-<span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><span class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--na">Self</span>
-<a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--live" href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/>Live</a></span></li></ul></div><div class=uninotes-contents__subject><a class=uninotes-contents__subject-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a><ul class=uninotes-contents__units><li class=uninotes-contents__unit><a class=uninotes-contents__unit-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
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 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/>Self</a>
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 <span class=uninotes-contents__unit-cats><a class="uninotes-contents__cat uninotes-contents__cat--self" href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/>Self</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.html

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-› <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml

@@ -1,113 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/</link><description>Recent content in BO DCM1109 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="primary-sector"&gt;
- Primary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#primary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="secondary-sector"&gt;
- Secondary Sector&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#secondary-sector"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.html

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
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 › <span>Unit 1</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,50 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-6-2026"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 6, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-6-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;
- Features and Nature of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#features-and-nature-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Economic Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Continuous Activity.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Profit Motive.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Exchange of goods and services.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Customer Orientation.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Risk and Uncertainty.&lt;br&gt;
-G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.&lt;br&gt;
-H) Global.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="concept"&gt;
- Concept&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#concept"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Value Creation.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Profit.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Social.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Organised.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Dynanic.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="scope"&gt;
- Scope&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#scope"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-industry"&gt;
- A) Industry&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-industry"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-commerce"&gt;
- B) Commerce&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-commerce"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Auxiliaries to Trade.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;
- C) Modern Dimensions of Business&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-modern-dimensions-of-business"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;E-Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Green Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Social Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Global Business.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="business-as-a-system"&gt;
- Business as a System&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#business-as-a-system"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Interdependance.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Input-Process-Output Model.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Open System.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Dynamic Nature.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml title=Freedoms4><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
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+› <span>Unit 11</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml

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+a. Trust
+b. Holding Companies
+c. Community of Interest
+Complete Consolidations
+a. Mergers
+b. Acquisition
+c. Amalgamation
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
+A) Vertical A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:"><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 Modes of Business Combination A) Associations Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations Partials Consolidations
+a. Trust
+b. Holding Companies
+c. Community of Interest
+Complete Consolidations
+a. Mergers
+b. Acquisition
+c. Amalgamation
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
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+a. Trust
+b. Holding Companies
+c. Community of Interest
+Complete Consolidations
+a. Mergers
+b. Acquisition
+c. Amalgamation
+Types of Business Combination A) Horizontal These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.
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+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations</h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations</h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical</h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular</h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>← Unit 3</a>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/index.xml

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- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html

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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a>
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
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-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector</h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml

@@ -1,57 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 3</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-15-2026"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 3 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 3 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 15, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-15-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;
- Types of co-operatives formed&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-co-operatives-formed"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Consumer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Producer co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Marketing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Housing co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Credit co-operatives.&lt;br&gt;
-F) Cooperative Farming Societies.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-companies"&gt;
- Types of Companies&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-companies"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;
- A) On the Basis of Incorporation&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-monarch (no longer applicable in India).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
-Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;
- B) On the Basis of Liability&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-on-the-basis-of-liability"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;
- C) On the Basis of Ownership&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Private Company (Section 2(68)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Public Company (Section 2(71)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;One Person Company (Section 2(62)).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;
- D) On the Basis of Control&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#d-on-the-basis-of-control"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;
- E) On the Basis of Nationality&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;
- F) On the Basis of Purpose&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;For-Profit Companies.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html

@@ -1,39 +1,41 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 3 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation. "><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 3"><meta property="og:description" content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 # Types of co-operatives formed # A) Consumer co-operatives.
+Types of Companies A) On the Basis of Incorporation Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 3"><meta itemprop=description content="April 15, 2026 Types of co-operatives formed A) Consumer co-operatives.
 B) Producer co-operatives.
 C) Marketing co-operatives.
 D) Housing co-operatives.
 E) Credit co-operatives.
 F) Cooperative Farming Societies.
-Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India). Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC). Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost all modern business entities in India. B) On the Basis of Liability # Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)]. Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)]. Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)]. Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares. C) On the Basis of Ownership # Private Company (Section 2(68)). Public Company (Section 2(71)). One Person Company (Section 2(62)). D) On the Basis of Control # Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control. Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover (subsidiary of Tata Motors). E) On the Basis of Nationality # Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India. Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd. F) On the Basis of Purpose # For-Profit Companies. Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="254"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> ›
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a>
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a> ›
-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
 monarch (no longer applicable in India).</li><li>Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example:
 Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost
-all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
+all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
-(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
+(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
-purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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-› <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>← BO DCM1109</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml

@@ -1,64 +1 @@
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item><item><title>Unit 2</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-12-2026"&gt;
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-utility"&gt;
- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-demand"&gt;
- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;
- Exceptions of Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#exceptions-of-law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-D) War.&lt;br&gt;
-E) Economic depression.
-F) Essential goods.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.html

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 › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
 › <span>Unit 1</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml

@@ -1,42 +1 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 1 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 1 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
- Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;
- Definition of Economics by various individuals&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.&lt;br&gt;
-D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="nature"&gt;
- Nature&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#nature"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Positive (what is, based on data and logic)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;
- B) Economics as an Art&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-economics-as-an-art"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Applied (real world, how to implement)&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;
- A) Described Economics as a Science&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-described-economics-as-a-science"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Models to predict economic outcomes.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Real-world evidence.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Deductive and Inductive reasoning.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ol&gt;
-&lt;ul&gt;
-&lt;li&gt;Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.&lt;/li&gt;
-&lt;/ul&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="methods"&gt;
- Methods&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#methods"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Inductive (specific -&amp;gt; general).&lt;br&gt;
-B) Deductive (general -&amp;gt; specific).&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/index.html

@@ -1,37 +1,38 @@
-<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" April 5, 2026 # Course Objectives # A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 1 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="April 5, 2026 Course Objectives A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
+Nature A) Economics as a Science Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods A) Inductive (specific -> general).
-B) Deductive (general -> specific)."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 # Course Objectives # A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
+B) Deductive (general -> specific)."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 1"><meta property="og:description" content="April 5, 2026 Course Objectives A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
+Nature A) Economics as a Science Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods A) Inductive (specific -> general).
-B) Deductive (general -> specific)."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 1"><meta itemprop=description content="April 5, 2026 # Course Objectives # A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
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 B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.
-Definition of Economics by various individuals # A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
+Definition of Economics by various individuals A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
 B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
 C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
 D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.
-Nature # A) Economics as a Science # Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art # Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science # Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods # A) Inductive (specific -> general).
+Nature A) Economics as a Science Positive (what is, based on data and logic) Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements) B) Economics as an Art Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals) Applied (real world, how to implement) A) Described Economics as a Science Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand). Models to predict economic outcomes. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis. Real-world evidence. Deductive and Inductive reasoning. Limitaion: Human behaviour involved. Methods A) Inductive (specific -> general).
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
-› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives</h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature</h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods</h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive</h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive</h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#course-objectives>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nature>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#methods>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-inductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-deductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.html

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+› <span>Unit 12</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/index.xml

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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html

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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 12 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 25, 2026 Definitions Interest The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
+Nominal Rate of Interest The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 12"><meta property="og:description" content="May 25, 2026 Definitions Interest The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.
+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
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+Gross Interest The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.
+Net Interest The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.
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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions</h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest</h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest</h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest</h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity</h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a>
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-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Live class notes</div></a></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml

@@ -1,23 +1 @@
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 2 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 2 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/></channel></rss>
- &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 12, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-12-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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- Types of Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Form Utility&lt;br&gt;
-B) Place&lt;br&gt;
-C) Time&lt;br&gt;
-D) Possession&lt;/p&gt;
-&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;
- Law of Equi-Marginal Utility&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-equi-marginal-utility"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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- Law of Demand&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#law-of-demand"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
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-&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;A) Assumption of increase in price.&lt;br&gt;
-B) Status goods or Veblen goods.&lt;br&gt;
-C) Giffen goods.&lt;br&gt;
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-E) Economic depression.
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/index.html

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 C) Time
 D) Possession
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-Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility # Law of Equi-Marginal Utility # Law of Demand # Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.
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-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
-› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility</h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand</h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
+F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
-F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/index.html

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+› <span>Unit 5</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/index.xml

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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/index.html

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+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 5 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 5"><meta property="og:description" content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 5"><meta itemprop=description content="May 01, 2026 Explicit Cost Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.
+Implicit Cost Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="322"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function</h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost</h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost</h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/index.xml

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docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/index.html

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+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
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+<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
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