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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>BO DCM1109</span></nav><h1>BO DCM1109</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>← ET DCM1107</a>
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<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ Secondary Sector # The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. Thi
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
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<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#primary-sector>Primary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#secondary-sector>Secondary Sector</a></li><li><a href=#tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=primary-sector>Primary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#primary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.</p><h2 class=heading id=secondary-sector>Secondary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#secondary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.</p><h2 class=heading id=tertiary-sector>Tertiary Sector<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#tertiary-sector>#</a></span></h2><p>This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: For
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/>Unit 3</a> ›
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<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 3</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-companies>Types of Companies</a><ul><li><a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation</a></li><li><a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability</a></li><li><a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership</a></li><li><a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control</a></li><li><a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality</a></li><li><a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-15-2026><em><strong>April 15, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-15-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-co-operatives-formed>Types of co-operatives formed<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-co-operatives-formed>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Consumer co-operatives.<br>B) Producer co-operatives.<br>C) Marketing co-operatives.<br>D) Housing co-operatives.<br>E) Credit co-operatives.<br>F) Cooperative Farming Societies.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-companies>Types of Companies<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-companies>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>A) On the Basis of Incorporation<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-on-the-basis-of-incorporation>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the
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@@ -30,4 +32,4 @@ Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).</li><li>Registere
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all modern business entities in India.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-on-the-basis-of-liability>B) On the Basis of Liability<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-on-the-basis-of-liability>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Company Limited by Shares [Section 2(22)].</li><li>Company Limited by Guarantee [Section 2(21)].</li><li>Unlimited Liability Company [Section 2(92)].</li><li>Company Limited by Both Guarantee and Shares.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>C) On the Basis of Ownership<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-on-the-basis-of-ownership>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Private Company (Section 2(68)).</li><li>Public Company (Section 2(71)).</li><li>One Person Company (Section 2(62)).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=d-on-the-basis-of-control>D) On the Basis of Control<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-on-the-basis-of-control>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Holding Company: Controls one or more subsidiaries by owning over 50% voting rights or board control.</li><li>Subsidiary Company: Controlled by another company. Example: Jaguar Land Rover
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(subsidiary of Tata Motors).</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>E) On the Basis of Nationality<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-on-the-basis-of-nationality>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Indian Company: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013 and managed in India.</li><li>Foreign Company (Section 2(42)): Incorporated outside India but has a place of business in India. Example: Google India Pvt. Ltd.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>F) On the Basis of Purpose<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#f-on-the-basis-of-purpose>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>For-Profit Companies.</li><li>Non-Profit Companies (Section 8): Established for charitable, educational, or social
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purposes. Profits are reinvested to promote their objectives. Example: CRY Foundation.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/>Unit 11 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
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||||
<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
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<label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
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<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
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<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>All updates</button>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
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<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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@@ -29,10 +29,12 @@ E) Economic depression. F) Essential goods."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="7
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<svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
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<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
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<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
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<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
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F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a> ›
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<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a> ›
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<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It’s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
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@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
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@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>PBM DCM1110</span></nav><h1>PBM DCM1110</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>← BO DCM1109</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <span>PBM DCM1110</span></nav><h1>PBM DCM1110</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>Unit 3</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/>Unit 4</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>← BO DCM1109</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
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<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#introduction>#</a></span></h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#introduction>Introduction</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=introduction>Introduction<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#introduction>#</a></span></h2><p>Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script></body></html>
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› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/>PBM DCM1110</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
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<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>PBM DCM1110</span>
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<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers</a><ul><li><a href=#a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers</a></li><li><a href=#b-authoritative-managers>B) Authoritative managers</a></li><li><a href=#c-results-based-managers>C) Results-based managers</a></li><li><a href=#d-strategic-managers>D) Strategic managers</a></li><li><a href=#e-proactive-managers>E) Proactive managers</a></li><li><a href=#f-laissez-faire-managers>F) Laissez-faire managers</a></li><li><a href=#g-democratic-managers>G) Democratic managers</a></li><li><a href=#h-visionary-managers>H) Visionary managers</a></li><li><a href=#i-transformational-managers>I) Transformational managers</a></li><li><a href=#j-charismatic-managers>J) Charismatic managers</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#characteristics-of-managers>Characteristics of Managers</a></li><li><a href=#managerial-skills>Managerial Skills</a><ul><li><a href=#a-conceptual-skills>A) Conceptual Skills</a></li><li><a href=#b-human-skills>B) Human Skills</a></li><li><a href=#c-technical-skills>C) Technical Skills</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#roles-of-a-manager>Roles of a Manager</a><ul><li><a href=#a-interpersonal-roles>A) Interpersonal Roles</a></li><li><a href=#b-informational-roles>B) Informational Roles</a></li><li><a href=#c-decisional-roles>C) Decisional Roles</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=behaviors-of-managers>Behaviors of Managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#behaviors-of-managers>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-coaching-managers>A) Coaching managers<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-coaching-managers>#</a></span></h3><p>Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of
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@@ -50,4 +52,4 @@ manpower among different departments or projects. Effective allocation ensures t
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||||
are met and the organisation runs efficiently.</p></li><li><p>Negotiator: The manager represents the organisation in negotiations with employees, suppliers,
|
||||
customers, or other external parties. They work to reach agreements that are beneficial for both
|
||||
the organisation and its stakeholders.</p></li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/>Unit 3 →</a></nav><script>(function(){localStorage.getItem("f4_username")!=="hyzen"&&window.location.replace("/login/?next="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.pathname))})()</script></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>© <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var n="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function s(e){var n,s,o,i,a,r,l,c=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");c&&(c.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),n=document.createElement("div"),n.className="brand__auth-user",s=document.createElement("button"),s.className="brand__auth-user-btn",s.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),l=document.createElement("span"),l.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',s.appendChild(l.firstChild),s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),r=document.createElement("div"),r.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",t),r.appendChild(i),n.appendChild(s),n.appendChild(r),c.appendChild(n),s.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),n.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){n.classList.remove("is-open")})),a=document.querySelector(".brand__mobile-links"),a&&(a.querySelectorAll("a.mobile-link").forEach(function(e){(e.href.indexOf("/login/")!==-1||e.href.indexOf("/signup/")!==-1)&&e.remove()}),o=document.createElement("button"),o.className="mobile-link mobile-link--logout",o.textContent="Log Out ("+e+")",o.style.cssText="background:none;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;padding:0;text-align:left;width:100%;",o.addEventListener("click",t),a.insertBefore(o,a.firstChild))}function t(){fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),window.location.href="/"})}s(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>
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