Add: QNA

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ All updates
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
 › <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
+› <span>ET DCM1107</span></nav><h1>ET DCM1107</h1><ul class="uninotes-list uninotes-list--units"><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href>QNA</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a></li><li class=uninotes-list__item><a class=uninotes-list__link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a></li></ul><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/>← GE DCM1106</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/>BO DCM1109 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/</link><description>Recent content in ET DCM1107 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>ET DCM1107 QNA</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Unit 1</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="april-5-2026"&gt;
  &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;April 5, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#april-5-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
 &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="course-objectives"&gt;
  Course Objectives&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#course-objectives"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>ET DCM1107 QNA | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="ET DCM1107 QNA"><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="ET DCM1107 QNA"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,ET DCM1107"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.getItem("f4_username")==="hyzen"&&document.documentElement.classList.add("hyzen-user")})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
+<svg class="theme-toggle__sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 7c-2.76.0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5 5-2.24 5-5-2.24-5-5-5zM2 13h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1H2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zm18 0h2c.55.0 1-.45 1-1s-.45-1-1-1h-2c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1s.45 1 1 1zM11 2v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1V2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zm0 18v2c0 .55.45 1 1 1s1-.45 1-1v-2c0-.55-.45-1-1-1s-1 .45-1 1zM5.99 4.58c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0s.39-1.03.0-1.41L5.99 4.58zm12.37 12.37c-.39-.39-1.03-.39-1.41.0-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41l1.06 1.06c.39.39 1.03.39 1.41.0.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41l-1.06-1.06zm1.06-12.37-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0zM7.05 18.36l-1.06 1.06c-.39.39-.39 1.03.0 1.41s1.03.39 1.41.0l1.06-1.06c.39-.39.39-1.03.0-1.41s-1.03-.39-1.41.0z"/></svg>
+<svg class="theme-toggle__moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"><path d="M21 12.79A9 9 0 1111.21 3 7 7 0 0021 12.79z"/></svg></button><div class=brand__auth><input type=checkbox id=auth-dropdown class=brand__auth-check>
+<label class=brand__auth-toggle for=auth-dropdown tabindex=0 aria-label="Account options"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7.0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2.0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg></label><div class=brand__auth-links><a href=/login/ class="auth-link auth-link--login">Login</a>
+<a href=/signup/ class="auth-link auth-link--signup">Sign Up</a></div></div><div class=rss-subscribe><button class=rss-subscribe__btn aria-label="Subscribe via RSS" title="Subscribe via RSS">
+<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="10" height="10" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.18 15.64a2.18 2.18.0 012.18 2.18c0 1.19-.98 2.18-2.18 2.18C4.98 20 4 19.01 4 17.82a2.18 2.18.0 012.18-2.18M4 4.44A15.56 15.56.0 0119.56 20h-2.83A12.73 12.73.0 004 7.27V4.44m0 5.66a9.9 9.9.0 019.9 9.9h-2.83A7.07 7.07.0 004 12.93V10.1z"/></svg>
+<span>Subscribe</span></button><div class=rss-subscribe__dropdown><button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/index.xml>
+All updates
+</button>
+<button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
+Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<span>QNA</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span></div><h1>QNA</h1><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>← Unit 12</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+<a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
+<a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/index.html

@@ -30,11 +30,9 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a>
-› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>Unit 1</a> ›
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
 <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 1</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#course-objectives>Course Objectives</a></li><li><a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals</a></li><li><a href=#nature>Nature</a><ul><li><a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science</a></li><li><a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art</a></li><li><a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#methods>Methods</a><ul><li><a href=#a-inductive>A) Inductive</a></li><li><a href=#b-deductive>B) Deductive</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-5-2026><em><strong>April 5, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-5-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=course-objectives>Course Objectives<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#course-objectives>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.<br>B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.</p><h2 class=heading id=definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>Definition of Economics by various individuals<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definition-of-economics-by-various-individuals>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.<br>B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.<br>C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.<br>D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.</p><h2 class=heading id=nature>Nature<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nature>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-economics-as-a-science>A) Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Positive (what is, based on data and logic)</li><li>Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-economics-as-an-art>B) Economics as an Art<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-economics-as-an-art>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)</li><li>Applied (real world, how to implement)</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=a-described-economics-as-a-science>A) Described Economics as a Science<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-described-economics-as-a-science>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).</li><li>Models to predict economic outcomes.</li><li>Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.</li><li>Real-world evidence.</li><li>Deductive and Inductive reasoning.</li></ol><ul><li>Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.</li></ul><h2 class=heading id=methods>Methods<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#methods>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Inductive (specific -> general).<br>B) Deductive (general -> specific).</p><h3 class=heading id=a-inductive>A) Inductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-inductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Real-world observation, identify problem.</li><li>Collect data, analyze and find patterns.</li><li>Formulate and test generalisations.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-deductive>B) Deductive<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-deductive>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Identify the general problem.</li><li>Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.</li><li>Verify using data.</li></ol><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html

@@ -15,11 +15,10 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a>
-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
-<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-25-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definitions>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#gross-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#net-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#real-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#liquidity>#</a></span></h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-of-interest>#</a></span></h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 12</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#definitions>Definitions</a><ul><li><a href=#interest>Interest</a></li><li><a href=#gross-interest>Gross Interest</a></li><li><a href=#net-interest>Net Interest</a></li><li><a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest</a></li><li><a href=#liquidity>Liquidity</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-25-2026><em><strong>May 25, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-25-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=definitions>Definitions<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#definitions>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=interest>Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.</p><h3 class=heading id=gross-interest>Gross Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#gross-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.</p><h3 class=heading id=net-interest>Net Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#net-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.</p><h3 class=heading id=nominal-rate-of-interest>Nominal Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#nominal-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.</p><h3 class=heading id=real-rate-of-interest>Real Rate of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#real-rate-of-interest>#</a></span></h3><p>The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.</p><h3 class=heading id=liquidity>Liquidity<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#liquidity>#</a></span></h3><p>The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.</p><h2 class=heading id=theories-of-interest>Theories of Interest<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#theories-of-interest>#</a></span></h2><div class=table-wrapper><table><thead><tr><th>Theory of Interest</th><th>Economist(s)</th><th>Short Summary</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Abstinence Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Nassau William Senior</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of Interest</strong></td><td><strong>Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</strong> (developed from John Rae’s ideas)</td><td>Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Fisher’s Time Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Irving Fisher</strong></td><td>Interest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Loanable Funds Theory</strong></td><td><strong>Knut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis Robertson</strong></td><td>Interest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Liquidity Preference Theory</strong></td><td><strong>John Maynard Keynes</strong></td><td>Interest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>← Unit 7</a>
+<a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/qna/>QNA →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>
 <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){document.querySelectorAll(".menu__item").forEach(function(e){var t=e.querySelector("a");t&&t.getAttribute("href")==="/uninotes/"&&e.classList.add("menu__item--uninotes")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var t="https://backend.freedoms4.org/auth.php",e=localStorage.getItem("f4_username");if(!e)return;function n(e){var t,n,o,i,a,c,r=document.querySelector(".brand__auth");r&&!r.querySelector(".brand__auth-user")&&(r.classList.add("brand__auth--loggedin"),t=document.createElement("div"),t.className="brand__auth-user",n=document.createElement("button"),n.className="brand__auth-user-btn",n.setAttribute("aria-label","Account menu"),c=document.createElement("span"),c.innerHTML='<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="12" height="12" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 12c2.7 0 4.8-2.1 4.8-4.8S14.7 2.4 12 2.4 7.2 4.5 7.2 7.2 9.3 12 12 12zm0 2.4c-3.2 0-9.6 1.6-9.6 4.8v2.4h19.2v-2.4c0-3.2-6.4-4.8-9.6-4.8z"/></svg>',n.appendChild(c.firstChild),n.appendChild(document.createTextNode(" "+e)),o=document.createElement("div"),o.className="brand__auth-user-dropdown",i=document.createElement("button"),i.className="brand__auth-user-logout",i.textContent="Log Out",i.addEventListener("click",s),e==="hyzen"&&(a=document.createElement("a"),a.className="brand__auth-user-admin",a.href="/admin/",a.textContent="User Management",o.appendChild(a)),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(i),t.appendChild(n),t.appendChild(o),r.appendChild(t),n.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.stopPropagation(),t.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(){t.classList.remove("is-open")}))}function s(){fetch(t,{method:"POST",headers:{"Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:"include",body:JSON.stringify({action:"logout"})}).finally(function(){localStorage.removeItem("f4_username"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_login_time"),localStorage.removeItem("f4_session_fails"),window.location.reload()})}n(e)})()</script><script>(function(){var t,e=document.querySelector(".rss-subscribe");if(!e)return;t=e.querySelector(".rss-subscribe__btn"),t.addEventListener("click",function(t){t.stopPropagation(),e.classList.toggle("is-open")}),document.addEventListener("click",function(t){e.contains(t.target)||e.classList.remove("is-open")}),e.querySelectorAll(".rss-subscribe__item").forEach(function(t){t.addEventListener("click",function(n){n.stopPropagation();var s,o=t.getAttribute("data-rss-url"),a=t.textContent;function i(){t.textContent="Copied!",setTimeout(function(){t.textContent=a,e.classList.remove("is-open")},1200)}try{s=document.createElement("textarea"),s.value=o,s.style.cssText="position:fixed;top:0;left:0;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;",document.body.appendChild(s),s.focus(),s.select(),document.execCommand("copy"),document.body.removeChild(s),i()}catch{navigator.clipboard&&navigator.clipboard.writeText(o).then(i).catch(function(){t.textContent=o})}})})})()</script><script src=/js/session-check.js></script></body></html>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/index.html

@@ -36,11 +36,9 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a>
-› <span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>Unit 2</a> ›
+<span>Live</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
 <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--live">Live</span></div><h1>Unit 2</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-utility>Types of Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility</a></li><li><a href=#law-of-demand>Law of Demand</a></li><li><a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=april-12-2026><em><strong>April 12, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#april-12-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-utility>Types of Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-utility>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Form Utility<br>B) Place<br>C) Time<br>D) Possession</p><h2 class=heading id=law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-deminishing-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-equi-marginal-utility>Law of Equi-Marginal Utility<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-equi-marginal-utility>#</a></span></h2><h2 class=heading id=law-of-demand>Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.</p><h2 class=heading id=exceptions-of-law-of-demand>Exceptions of Law of Demand<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#exceptions-of-law-of-demand>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Assumption of increase in price.<br>B) Status goods or Veblen goods.<br>C) Giffen goods.<br>D) War.<br>E) Economic depression.
 F) Essential goods.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/index.html

@@ -12,11 +12,9 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a>
-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/>Unit 5</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
 <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 5</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#explicit-cost>Explicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#implicit-cost>Implicit Cost</a></li><li><a href=#ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit</a></li><li><a href=#short-run-costs>Short Run Costs</a></li><li><a href=#different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost</a></li><li><a href=#cost-function>Cost Function</a></li><li><a href=#total-cost>Total Cost</a></li><li><a href=#average-cost>Average Cost</a></li><li><a href=#marginal-cost>Marginal Cost</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-01-2026><em><strong>May 01, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-01-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=explicit-cost>Explicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#explicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=implicit-cost>Implicit Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#implicit-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.</p><h2 class=heading id=ecnonomic-profit>Ecnonomic Profit<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#ecnonomic-profit>#</a></span></h2><p>Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)</p><h2 class=heading id=short-run-costs>Short Run Costs<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#short-run-costs>#</a></span></h2><p>The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:</p><ul><li>Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.</li><li>Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.</li></ul><p>Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)</p><h2 class=heading id=different-types-of-cost>Different types of Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#different-types-of-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Real Cost<br>B) Economic Cost<br>C) Accounting Cost<br>D) Social Cost<br>E) Private Cost<br>F) Opportunity Cost<br>G) External Cost<br>H) Replacement Cost</p><h2 class=heading id=cost-function>Cost Function<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#cost-function>#</a></span></h2><p>𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)<br>where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q</p><h2 class=heading id=total-cost>Total Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#total-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)</p><h2 class=heading id=average-cost>Average Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#average-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>AC = TC / Quantity (Q)</p><h2 class=heading id=marginal-cost>Marginal Cost<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#marginal-cost>#</a></span></h2><p>TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/>← Unit 2</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>Unit 6 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>

docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/index.html

@@ -27,11 +27,9 @@ All updates
 </button>
 <button class=rss-subscribe__item data-rss-url=https://freedoms4.org/blog/index.xml>
 Blog posts</button></div></div></div></div><nav class="menu language"><ul class="menu__list language__list"><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/>Home</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/blog/>Blog</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/services/>Services</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a></li><li class=menu__item><a class=menu__link href=/contact/>Contact</a></li></ul></nav></header><main class=main><nav class="uninotes-breadcrumbs breadcrumbs"><a href=/uninotes/>UniNotes</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a>
-› <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a>
-› <span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span>
-<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
+› <a href=/uninotes/s1/>S1</a> › <a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/>ET DCM1107</a> ›
+<a href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/>Unit 7</a> ›
+<span>Self</span></nav><div class=uninotes-meta><span class=uninotes-meta__pill>S1</span> <span class=uninotes-meta__pill>ET DCM1107</span>
 <span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 7</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-capital>Types of Capital</a></li><li><a href=#types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue</a><ul><li><a href=#a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue</a></li><li><a href=#e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure</a></li><li><a href=#classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts</a></li><li><a href=#profitslosses>Profits/Losses</a></li><li><a href=#contingent>Contingent</a></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-08-2026><em><strong>May 08, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-08-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=types-of-capital>Types of Capital<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-capital>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.<br>B) Fixed/Floating Capital.<br>C) Working Capital.<br>D) Gross Working Capital.<br>E) Net Working Capital.<br>F) Net Operating Working Capital.</p><h2 class=heading id=types-of-revenue>Types of Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-revenue>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-operating-revenue>A) Operating Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-operating-revenue>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Sales Revenue.</li><li>Service Revenue.</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-gross-revenue>B) Gross Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-gross-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.</p><h3 class=heading id=c-net-revenue>C) Net Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-net-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The value of a company&rsquo;s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-deferred-revenue>D) Deferred Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-deferred-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.</p><h3 class=heading id=e-accrued-revenue>E) Accrued Revenue<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#e-accrued-revenue>#</a></span></h3><p>The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It&rsquo;s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-expenditure>Classification of Expenditure<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-expenditure>#</a></span></h2><p><strong>A) Capital Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>B) Revenue Expenditure.</strong><br><strong>C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:</strong></p><p>Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.</p><h2 class=heading id=classification-of-receipts>Classification of Receipts<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#classification-of-receipts>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Revenue Receipts.<br>B) Capital Receipts.</p><h2 class=heading id=profitslosses>Profits/Losses<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#profitslosses>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Capital Profits/Losses.<br>B) Revenue Profits/Losses.</p><h2 class=heading id=contingent>Contingent<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#contingent>#</a></span></h2><p>A) Contingent Assets.<br>B) Contingent Liabilities.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/>← Unit 6</a>
 <a class=page-nav__next-link href=/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/>Unit 12 →</a></nav></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a>
 <a href=/terms/>Terms and Conditions</a> <a href=/privacy/>Privacy Policy</a>