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<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><p class=unit-choice__subtitle>Choose type:</p><div class=unit-choice__options><a class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--self" href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M12 3 1 9l4 2.18v6L12 21l7-3.82v-6l2-1.09V17h2V9L12 3zm6.82 6L12 12.72 5.18 9 12 5.28 18.82 9zM17 15.99l-5 2.73-5-2.73v-3.72L12 15l5-2.73v3.72z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Self</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Self-study notes</div></a><div class="unit-choice__card unit-choice__card--live unit-choice__card--unavailable"><div class=unit-choice__icon><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path d="M17 10.5V7c0-.55-.45-1-1-1H4c-.55.0-1 .45-1 1v10c0 .55.45 1 1 1h12c.55.0 1-.45 1-1v-3.5l4 4v-11l-4 4z"/></svg></div><div class=unit-choice__label>Live</div><div class=unit-choice__desc>Not available</div></div></div></main><footer class=footer><p class=footer__copyright-notice>&copy; <a href=https://freedoms4.org>freedoms4.org</a> <a href=/changelog/>Changelog</a></p><p class=footer__theme-info>Built with <a href=https://gohugo.io>Hugo</a> and based on <a href=https://github.com/CyrusYip/hugo-theme-yue>Yue</a> theme</p></footer><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("theme-toggle");if(!e)return;function t(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");return e?e:window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)").matches?"light":"dark"}function n(e){document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e),localStorage.setItem("theme",e)}n(t()),e.addEventListener("click",function(){var e=document.documentElement.getAttribute("data-theme")||t();n(e==="dark"?"light":"dark")})})()</script><script>(function(){var e=document.getElementById("mobile-menu-check");if(!e)return;document.addEventListener("click",function(t){if(!e.checked)return;var n=e.closest(".brand__mobile-menu");n&&!n.contains(t.target)&&(e.checked=!1)})})()</script></body></html>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Unit 11 on Freedoms4</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/</link><description>Recent content in Unit 11 on Freedoms4</description><generator>Hugo</generator><language>en-us</language><managingEditor>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</managingEditor><webMaster>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</webMaster><atom:link href="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>Unit 11</title><link>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</link><pubDate>Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><author>your-email@example.com (Freedoms4)</author><guid>https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/</guid><description>&lt;h3 class="heading" id="may-17-2026"&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;May 17, 2026&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#may-17-2026"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h2 class="heading" id="modes-of-business-combination"&gt;
Modes of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#modes-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-associations"&gt;
A) Associations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-associations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trade Association&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Chamber of Commerce&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Informal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h3 class="heading" id="b-federations"&gt;
B) Federations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#b-federations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Formal agreements&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pools&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cartels&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h3 class="heading" id="c-consolidations"&gt;
C) Consolidations&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#c-consolidations"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Partials Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
a. Trust&lt;br&gt;
b. Holding Companies&lt;br&gt;
c. Community of Interest&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Complete Consolidations&lt;br&gt;
a. Mergers&lt;br&gt;
b. Acquisition&lt;br&gt;
c. Amalgamation&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;h2 class="heading" id="types-of-business-combination"&gt;
Types of Business Combination&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#types-of-business-combination"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h3 class="heading" id="a-horizontal"&gt;
A) Horizontal&lt;span class="heading__anchor"&gt; &lt;a href="#a-horizontal"&gt;#&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.&lt;/p&gt;</description></item></channel></rss>

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<!doctype html><html class=html lang=en-us dir=ltr><head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"><title>Unit 11 | Freedoms4</title><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/style.min.34d0accb85f8ec23ceee8c29eef5907823b531d8acb9e6bdf45a3b37ad028d30.css integrity="sha256-NNCsy4X47CPO7owp7vWQeCO1Mdisuea99Fo7N60CjTA=" crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=icon href=/favicon.ico><meta name=description content=" May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:url" content="https://freedoms4.org/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/"><meta property="og:site_name" content="Freedoms4"><meta property="og:title" content="Unit 11"><meta property="og:description" content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta property="og:locale" content="en_us"><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="article:section" content="uninotes"><meta itemprop=name content="Unit 11"><meta itemprop=description content="May 17, 2026 # Modes of Business Combination # A) Associations # Trade Association Chamber of Commerce Informal agreements B) Federations # Formal agreements Pools Cartels C) Consolidations # Partials Consolidations
a. Trust
b. Holding Companies
c. Community of Interest
Complete Consolidations
a. Mergers
b. Acquisition
c. Amalgamation
Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain."><meta itemprop=wordCount content="257"><meta itemprop=keywords content="S1,BO DCM1109"><link rel=stylesheet href=/css/custom.css><script>(function(){var e=localStorage.getItem("theme");e&&document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme",e)})()</script><script async src=https://plausible.freedoms4.org/js/pa-5BKl0z0RLzwrclKq4y-qk.js></script><script>(window.plausible=window.plausible||function(){(plausible.q=plausible.q||[]).push(arguments)},plausible.init=plausible.init||function(e){plausible.o=e||{}}),plausible.init()</script></head><body class=body><header class=header><div class=brand><img src=/logo.png alt="Freedoms4 logo"><h1>Freedoms4</h1><div class=brand__actions><button class=theme-toggle id=theme-toggle aria-label="Toggle theme" title="Toggle dark/light mode">
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<span class=uninotes-meta__pill>BO DCM1109</span>
<span class="uninotes-meta__pill uninotes-meta__pill--self">Self</span></div><h1>Unit 11</h1><details class=toc><summary class=toc__summary>Table of Contents</summary><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><ul><li><a href=#may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em></a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-associations>A) Associations</a></li><li><a href=#b-federations>B) Federations</a></li><li><a href=#c-consolidations>C) Consolidations</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination</a><ul><li><a href=#a-horizontal>A) Horizontal</a></li><li><a href=#a-vertical>A) Vertical</a></li><li><a href=#c-circular>C) Circular</a></li><li><a href=#d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></details><h3 class=heading id=may-17-2026><em><strong>May 17, 2026</strong></em><span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#may-17-2026>#</a></span></h3><h2 class=heading id=modes-of-business-combination>Modes of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#modes-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-associations>A) Associations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-associations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Trade Association</li><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Informal agreements</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=b-federations>B) Federations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#b-federations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li>Formal agreements</li><li>Pools</li><li>Cartels</li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-consolidations>C) Consolidations<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-consolidations>#</a></span></h3><ol><li><p>Partials Consolidations<br>a. Trust<br>b. Holding Companies<br>c. Community of Interest</p></li><li><p>Complete Consolidations<br>a. Mergers<br>b. Acquisition<br>c. Amalgamation</p></li></ol><h2 class=heading id=types-of-business-combination>Types of Business Combination<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#types-of-business-combination>#</a></span></h2><h3 class=heading id=a-horizontal>A) Horizontal<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-horizontal>#</a></span></h3><p>These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.</p><h3 class=heading id=a-vertical>A) Vertical<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#a-vertical>#</a></span></h3><p>A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Forward Combination:</strong> Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.</p></li><li><p><strong>Backward Combination:</strong> Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.</p></li></ol><h3 class=heading id=c-circular>C) Circular<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#c-circular>#</a></span></h3><p>A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.</p><h3 class=heading id=d-conglomerate>D) Conglomerate<span class=heading__anchor> <a href=#d-conglomerate>#</a></span></h3><p>A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.</p><nav class=page-nav><a class=page-nav__previous-link href=/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/>← Unit 1</a>
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