From 16255bb690eb16468422aa790cf366062a597108 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hyzen Date: Thu, 4 Jun 2026 23:38:05 +0530 Subject: [PATCH] Fix: login/signup forms. Update: code formating --- docs/CNAME | 1 - docs/blog/index.html | 3 +- docs/categories/index.html | 3 +- docs/categories/philosophy/index.html | 3 +- docs/css/auth-additions.css | 207 +++++------ docs/login/index.html | 5 +- docs/semester/index.html | 3 +- docs/signup/index.html | 14 +- docs/subjectcode/index.html | 3 +- docs/tags/academics/index.html | 3 +- docs/tags/education/index.html | 3 +- docs/tags/index.html | 3 +- docs/tags/system/index.html | 3 +- docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/index.html | 3 +- .../s1/bo-dcm1109/unit1/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html | 7 +- docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html | 3 +- docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/index.html | 2 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit1/live/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html | 7 +- docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/index.html | 2 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit2/live/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit5/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit6/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/et-dcm1107/unit7/self/index.html | 7 +- docs/uninotes/s1/ge-dcm1106/index.html | 3 +- .../s1/ge-dcm1106/unit1/live/index.html | 7 +- docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/index.html | 3 +- .../s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/live/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit1/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit2/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/index.html | 7 +- .../s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit4/self/index.html | 7 +- layouts/_default/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/_default/single.html | 17 +- layouts/_default/term.html | 38 +- layouts/_partials/body/body-end.html | 194 +++++----- layouts/_partials/footer/copyright.html | 4 +- layouts/baseof.html | 1 - layouts/changelog/list.html | 4 +- layouts/changelog/single.html | 4 +- layouts/coming-soon/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/coming-soon/single.html | 3 +- layouts/contact.html | 6 +- layouts/home.html | 4 +- layouts/login/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/login/single.html | 243 +++++++------ layouts/section.html | 42 +-- layouts/semester/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/semester/term.html | 81 ++--- layouts/services/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/services/section.html | 12 +- layouts/services/single.html | 37 +- layouts/signup/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/signup/single.html | 340 ++++++++++-------- layouts/subjectcode/baseof.html | 105 +++++- layouts/subjectcode/term.html | 157 +++----- layouts/taxonomy.html | 23 +- layouts/uninotes/single.html | 133 +++---- layouts/uninotes/unit-choice.html | 23 +- static/css/auth-additions.css | 207 +++++------ 63 files changed, 1544 insertions(+), 1146 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 docs/CNAME diff --git a/docs/CNAME b/docs/CNAME deleted file mode 100644 index cf895be..0000000 --- a/docs/CNAME +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -freedoms4.org diff --git a/docs/blog/index.html b/docs/blog/index.html index f806126..c5fba42 100644 --- a/docs/blog/index.html +++ b/docs/blog/index.html @@ -7,5 +7,6 @@

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What is Education?

What is Education? # Education simply means “learning”. It’s a natural process. Ratio of components in Education: # 50% Knowledge/Understanding, 30% …

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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/css/auth-additions.css b/docs/css/auth-additions.css index 21d726d..acc279b 100644 --- a/docs/css/auth-additions.css +++ b/docs/css/auth-additions.css @@ -1,195 +1,200 @@ - /* ── Auth pages (login / signup) ───────────────────────────────────────── */ .auth-page { - max-width: 420px; - margin: 0 auto; - padding: 1rem 0 3rem; + max-width: 420px; + margin: 0 auto; + padding: 1rem 0 3rem; } .auth-page__title { - margin-bottom: 1.5rem; + margin-bottom: 1.5rem; } .auth-card { - border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc); - border-radius: 10px; - padding: 2rem 1.75rem; - background: var(--background-color); + border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc); + border-radius: 10px; + padding: 2rem 1.75rem; + background: var(--background-color); } /* Message banner */ .auth-message { - border-radius: 6px; - padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem; - font-size: 0.88rem; - margin-bottom: 1.2rem; - line-height: 1.4; + border-radius: 6px; + padding: 0.65rem 0.9rem; + font-size: 0.88rem; + margin-bottom: 1.2rem; + line-height: 1.4; } .auth-message--error { - background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.12); - border: 1px solid rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.4); - color: #c0392b; + background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.12); + border: 1px solid rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.4); + color: #c0392b; } [data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--error { - color: #ff6b6b; - background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.18); - border-color: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.5); + color: #ff6b6b; + background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.18); + border-color: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.5); } .auth-message--success { - background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.12); - border: 1px solid rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.4); - color: #1e8449; + background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.12); + border: 1px solid rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.4); + color: #1e8449; } [data-theme='dark'] .auth-message--success { - color: #58d68d; - background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.18); - border-color: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.5); + color: #58d68d; + background: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.18); + border-color: rgba(39, 174, 96, 0.5); } /* Form fields */ .auth-form { - display: flex; - flex-direction: column; - gap: 1.1rem; + display: flex; + flex-direction: column; + gap: 1.1rem; } .auth-form__group { - display: flex; - flex-direction: column; - gap: 0.3rem; + display: flex; + flex-direction: column; + gap: 0.3rem; } .auth-form__label { - font-size: 0.85rem; - font-weight: 600; - color: var(--foreground-color); + font-size: 0.85rem; + font-weight: 600; + color: var(--foreground-color); } .auth-form__input-wrap { - position: relative; - display: flex; - align-items: center; + position: relative; + display: flex; + align-items: center; } .auth-form__input-wrap .auth-form__input { - padding-right: 2.5rem; + padding-right: 2.5rem; } .auth-form__input { - width: 100%; - box-sizing: border-box; - padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; - border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc); - border-radius: 5px; - font-size: 0.9rem; - background: var(--background-color); - color: var(--foreground-color); - transition: border-color 0.18s ease, box-shadow 0.18s ease; - outline: none; - font-family: inherit; + width: 100%; + box-sizing: border-box; + padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem; + border: 1px solid var(--background-color1, #ccc); + border-radius: 5px; + font-size: 0.9rem; + background: var(--background-color); + color: var(--foreground-color); + transition: + border-color 0.18s ease, + box-shadow 0.18s ease; + outline: none; + font-family: inherit; } .auth-form__input:focus { - border-color: var(--accent-color); - box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(var(--accent-color-rgb, 17, 51, 233), 0.15); + border-color: var(--accent-color); + box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(var(--accent-color-rgb, 17, 51, 233), 0.15); } .auth-form__input::placeholder { - color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); - opacity: 0.7; + color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); + opacity: 0.7; } .auth-form__eye { - position: absolute; - right: 0.6rem; - background: none; - border: none; - cursor: pointer; - color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); - display: inline-flex; - align-items: center; - padding: 0.2rem; - line-height: 1; - transition: color 0.15s ease; + position: absolute; + right: 0.6rem; + background: none; + border: none; + cursor: pointer; + color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); + display: inline-flex; + align-items: center; + padding: 0.2rem; + line-height: 1; + transition: color 0.15s ease; } .auth-form__eye:hover { - color: var(--foreground-color); + color: var(--foreground-color); } .auth-form__hint { - font-size: 0.75rem; - color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); + font-size: 0.75rem; + color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); } /* Submit button */ .auth-form__submit { - margin-top: 0.5rem; - width: 100%; - padding: 0.6rem 1rem; - border: none; - border-radius: 5px; - background: var(--accent-color); - color: var(--background-color, #fff); - font-size: 0.92rem; - font-weight: 600; - font-family: inherit; - cursor: pointer; - display: inline-flex; - align-items: center; - justify-content: center; - gap: 0.4rem; - transition: opacity 0.18s ease; + margin-top: 0.5rem; + width: 100%; + padding: 0.6rem 1rem; + border: none; + border-radius: 5px; + background: var(--accent-color); + color: var(--background-color, #fff); + font-size: 0.92rem; + font-weight: 600; + font-family: inherit; + cursor: pointer; + display: inline-flex; + align-items: center; + justify-content: center; + gap: 0.4rem; + transition: opacity 0.18s ease; } .auth-form__submit:hover:not(:disabled) { - opacity: 0.85; + opacity: 0.85; } .auth-form__submit:disabled { - cursor: not-allowed; - opacity: 0.6; + cursor: not-allowed; + opacity: 0.6; } .auth-form__submit-loader { - display: inline-flex; - align-items: center; + display: inline-flex; + align-items: center; } /* Spinner animation */ @keyframes auth-spin { - from { transform: rotate(0deg); } - to { transform: rotate(360deg); } + from { + transform: rotate(0deg); + } + to { + transform: rotate(360deg); + } } .spin { - animation: auth-spin 0.8s linear infinite; + animation: auth-spin 0.8s linear infinite; } /* Footer link */ .auth-card__footer { - margin-top: 1.4rem; - text-align: center; - font-size: 0.85rem; - color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); + margin-top: 1.4rem; + text-align: center; + font-size: 0.85rem; + color: var(--foreground-color3, #888); } .auth-card__link { - color: var(--accent-color); - text-decoration: none; - font-weight: 600; + color: var(--accent-color); + text-decoration: none; + font-weight: 600; } .auth-card__link:hover { - text-decoration: underline; + text-decoration: underline; } /* Light theme override for submit button text */ [data-theme='light'] .auth-form__submit { - color: #fff; + color: #fff; } diff --git a/docs/login/index.html b/docs/login/index.html index 98d47f3..4291624 100644 --- a/docs/login/index.html +++ b/docs/login/index.html @@ -7,8 +7,9 @@

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S1 BO DCM1109 Self

Unit 1

Table of Contents

April 6, 2026 #

Features and Nature of Business #

A) Economic Activity.
B) Continuous Activity.
C) Profit Motive.
D) Exchange of goods and services.
E) Customer Orientation.
F) Risk and Uncertainty.
G) Legal and Ethical Compliance.
H) Global.

Concept #

A) Value Creation.
B) Profit.
C) Social.
D) Organised.
E) Dynanic.

Scope #

A) Industry #

  1. Primary Industry: Extraction of raw material (agriculture, mining).
  2. Secondary Industry: Manufacturing.
  3. Tertiary Industry: Service (banking, insurance, transport, delivery)
  4. Quaternary Sector: Knowledge based services (IT, education/training)
  5. Quinary Sector: Services of leading roles (Government services, NGOs)

B) Commerce #

  1. Trade.
  2. Auxiliaries to Trade.

C) Modern Dimensions of Business #

  1. E-Business.
  2. Green Business.
  3. Social Business.
  4. Global Business.

Business as a System #

A) Interdependance.
B) Input-Process-Output Model.
C) Open System.
D) Dynamic Nature.

B) Input-Process-Output Model #

  1. Input.
  2. Process.
  3. Output.
  4. Feedback.

Business and Environment Interface #

A) Social Environment.
B) Economic Environment.
C) Politico-legal Environment.
D) Technological Environment.
E) International Environment.

Objectives of Business #

A) Economic.
B) Social.
C) Human.
D) National.
E) International.

Profit Maximization VS. Social Responsibility #

(Research pending)

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html index 3a1e767..a40c2c8 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit11/self/index.html @@ -32,9 +32,6 @@ Types of Business Combination # A) Horizontal # These companies operate at the s Sign Up Subscribe
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S1 BO DCM1109 Self

Unit 11

Table of Contents

May 17, 2026 #

Modes of Business Combination #

A) Associations #

  1. Trade Association
  2. Chamber of Commerce
  3. Informal agreements

B) Federations #

  1. Formal agreements
  2. Pools
  3. Cartels

C) Consolidations #

  1. Partials Consolidations
    a. Trust
    b. Holding Companies
    c. Community of Interest

  2. Complete Consolidations
    a. Mergers
    b. Acquisition
    c. Amalgamation

Types of Business Combination #

A) Horizontal #

These companies operate at the same level of production, distribution or supply chain.

A) Vertical #

A vertical combination occurs when companies operating at different stages of production or distribution of the same product combines together. There are two types of Vertical Combination:

  1. Forward Combination: Forward integration takes place when a company moves forward in the supply chain, that is, closer to the final consumer.

  2. Backward Combination: Backward integration occurs when a company moves backward in the supply chain, that is, towards the source of raw materials.

C) Circular #

A circular combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engaged in different but related lines of business combine together. These companies do not produce the same product (like in horizontal combination), but their products are related in nature, use similar raw materials, or serve similar customers. Example: a company manufacturing shoes combines with a company producing leather bags. Both companies are engaged in different products, but they use similar raw materials (leather) and target similar customers.

D) Conglomerate #

A conglomerate combination is a type of business combination in which two or more companies engage in completely different and unrelated businesses merge or combine together.

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html index c2911cc..c198674 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit2/self/index.html @@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ Secondary Sector # The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. Thi Sign Up Subscribe
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S1 BO DCM1109 Self

Unit 2

Table of Contents

April 12, 2026 #

Primary Sector #

The Primary Sector comprises the delivery of raw materials up to the finished product. Industries in this sector include mining for oil, coal, iron, and other minerals; Forestry, agriculture, fish farming and land reclamation, etc.

Secondary Sector #

The Secondary Sector refines, processes and manufactures. This includes industries like petrochemical refineries, steel-making mills, factories for making equipment and machinery for industry and goods for consumer purchase.

Tertiary Sector #

This involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers.

\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html index 3b56593..c834dbb 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/bo-dcm1109/unit3/self/index.html @@ -26,11 +26,8 @@ Types of Companies # A) On the Basis of Incorporation # Chartered Companies: For Sign Up Subscribe
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S1 BO DCM1109 Self

Unit 3

Table of Contents

April 15, 2026 #

Types of co-operatives formed #

A) Consumer co-operatives.
B) Producer co-operatives.
C) Marketing co-operatives.
D) Housing co-operatives.
E) Credit co-operatives.
F) Cooperative Farming Societies.

Types of Companies #

A) On the Basis of Incorporation #

  1. Chartered Companies: Formed under a Royal Charter or special charter issued by the monarch (no longer applicable in India).
  2. Statutory Companies: Created by a special Act of Parliament or State Legislature. Example: Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Life Insurance Corporation (LIC).
  3. Registered Companies: Incorporated under the Companies Act, 2013. This includes almost diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html index 2f0141a..b6c6546 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/index.html @@ -8,6 +8,5 @@ Sign Up

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Unit 1

Choose type:

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S1 ET DCM1107 Live

Unit 1

Table of Contents

April 5, 2026 #

Course Objectives #

A) Develop analytical skills for interpreting consumer decision-making and market behaviour using economic tools.
B) Examine cost and revenue structures of firms.

Definition of Economics by various individuals #

A) Wealth Definition by Adam Smith.
B) Welfare Definition by Alfred Marshall.
C) Scarcity Definition by Robbins.
D) Growth Defintion by Samuelson.

Nature #

A) Economics as a Science #

  1. Positive (what is, based on data and logic)
  2. Normative (what ought to be, opinions, judgements)

B) Economics as an Art #

  1. Pure (what ought to be, ideals and goals)
  2. Applied (real world, how to implement)

A) Described Economics as a Science #

  1. Focuses on laws and cause-and-effect relationships (e.g Law of Demand).
  2. Models to predict economic outcomes.
  3. Data analysis, observation, hypothesis.
  4. Real-world evidence.
  5. Deductive and Inductive reasoning.
  • Limitaion: Human behaviour involved.

Methods #

A) Inductive (specific -> general).
B) Deductive (general -> specific).

A) Inductive #

  1. Real-world observation, identify problem.
  2. Collect data, analyze and find patterns.
  3. Formulate and test generalisations.

B) Deductive #

  1. Identify the general problem.
  2. Assumptions, formulate hypothesis.
  3. Verify using data.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html index 89b58ac..aad08d6 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/et-dcm1107/unit12/self/index.html @@ -14,9 +14,6 @@ Net Interest # The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additi Sign Up
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Unit 12

Table of Contents

May 25, 2026 #

Definitions #

Interest #

The payment or reward given for borrowing money or using capital for a specific period of time.

Gross Interest #

The total amount paid by the borrower to the lender for using borrowed money before deducting taxes, service charges, or other expenses.

Net Interest #

The actual or pure interest earned or paid after excluding additional charges such as risk, management costs, and inconvenience.

Nominal Rate of Interest #

The stated rate of return on a loan or investment without considering the effect of inflation.

Real Rate of Interest #

The actual rate of return after adjusting the nominal interest rate for inflation, reflecting the true purchasing power of money.

Liquidity #

The ease or availability with which cash or assets can be converted into ready money for immediate use.

Theories of Interest #

Theory of InterestEconomist(s)Short Summary
Abstinence Theory of InterestNassau William SeniorInterest is the reward paid to people who abstain from present consumption and save money for productive use.
Bohm-Bawerk’s (Agio) Theory of InterestEugen von Böhm-Bawerk (developed from John Rae’s ideas)Interest arises because people value present goods more highly than future goods; therefore, compensation is needed for postponing consumption.
Fisher’s Time Preference TheoryIrving FisherInterest is the “price of time,” determined by people’s preference for present consumption over future consumption and investment opportunities.
Loanable Funds TheoryKnut Wicksell, Bertil Ohlin, Dennis RobertsonInterest is determined by the demand and supply of loanable funds, including savings, investment, bank credit, and hoarding.
Liquidity Preference TheoryJohn Maynard KeynesInterest is the reward for parting with liquidity; it is determined by the demand for and supply of money.
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Unit 2

Table of Contents

April 12, 2026 #

Types of Utility #

A) Form Utility
B) Place
C) Time
D) Possession

Law of Deminishing Marginal Utility #

Law of Equi-Marginal Utility #

Law of Demand #

Price and Quantity demanded for a product is inversely related.

Exceptions of Law of Demand #

A) Assumption of increase in price.
B) Status goods or Veblen goods.
C) Giffen goods.
D) War.
E) Economic depression. F) Essential goods.

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Unit 5

Table of Contents

May 01, 2026 #

Explicit Cost #

Explicit costs are direct, out-of-pocket payments that a business or individual makes for the use of resources or services. These costs are tangible, measurable, and recorded in accounting books, including expenses like rent, utility bills, wages, raw materials, and interest on borrowed capital.

Implicit Cost #

Implicit costs are not directly paid out or recorded in financial statements, but represent the opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm or individual. Examples include the forgone salary if an entrepreneur works in their own business instead of being employed elsewhere, or the interest income sacrificed by investing personal funds in the business rather than elsewhere.

Ecnonomic Profit #

Economic Profit = Total Revenue − (Explicit Costs + Implicit Costs)

Short Run Costs #

The short run refers to a time period in which at least one factor of production (such as capital, plant size, or equipment) is fixed and cannot be easily altered. During this period, firms face two types of costs:

  • Fixed Costs (FC): These are expenses that do not change with output—such as factory rent, salaried staff, or depreciation of machinery. They remain constant regardless of the level of production.
  • Variable Costs (VC): These costs fluctuate with the level of output produced, including raw materials, hourly wages, energy, and packaging. As output increases, variable costs rise; as output falls, they decline.

Total Cost (TC) = Fixed Cost (FC) + Variable Cost (VC)

Different types of Cost #

A) Real Cost
B) Economic Cost
C) Accounting Cost
D) Social Cost
E) Private Cost
F) Opportunity Cost
G) External Cost
H) Replacement Cost

Cost Function #

𝐶 = 𝐹 + 𝑉(𝑄)
where F is the fixed cost, and V(Q) is the variable cost depending on the output level Q

Total Cost #

TC = Total Fixed Cost (TFC) + Total Variable Cost (TVC)

Average Cost #

AC = TC / Quantity (Q)

Marginal Cost #

TC = Change in Total Cost / Change in Quantity

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Unit 6

Table of Contents

May 02, 2026 #

Production Function #

The production function states the functional relationship between the factors of production and the number of products.

Q = f (L, C, N)
Here, Q = Quantity of output, L = labour, C = capital, N = land.

Time Elements in Production Function #

A) Short run #

In the short run, only some of the inputs can be varied, but not all. Some factors will remain fixed, and some will be variable.

B) Long run #

In this period, not only can variable factors be increased or decreased, but fixed factors can also be changed. In other words, all factors of production can be varied.

C) Very long run #

This time period is so long that even the state of technology is also changed. Such technological changes are initiated by a long process of continuous research and development and it takes a very long time to apply.

Three Aspects of the Production Function #

A) Total Production (TP) #

Total production refers to the total units of output produced per unit of time by all factor inputs. In the short run, the total output increases because of the alteration in the variable factor inputs, shown mathematically in the equation:

TP = f (QVF)
Where, f = functional relationship, QVF = the quantity of variable factors.

B) Average Production (AP) #

AP = TP/QVF
Where, TP = Total Production, QVF = the quantify of variable factors.

C) Marginal Production (MP) #

Marginal production refers to the additional units produced with the usage of the last variable factor. In other words, it is the change in total production that takes place due to the addition of a variable factor. All other factors remain constant, and the addition realized in the total product is the marginal product (M.P.). Mathematically, it is shown as:

MP = n – 1
Where, MP = Marginal Production, n = total output increased due to the addition of one unit of the variable factor (n - 1 = total no. of factors before the increase of a marginal unit).

Isoquants #

An isoquant is a locus of points that represent the different technically efficient ways of combining the factors of production for producing a fixed level of output. Isoquant term is taken from a Greek word ‘iso’, which implies ‘equal’, and ‘quants’, which means ‘quantity’. The isoquant curve is known as the ‘equal product curve’ or production indifference curve. An isoquant curve presents the locus of points that indicate various combinations of two inputs – capital and labour, producing a specific quantity of output or another combination which produces the same output.

Types of Isoquant Curves #

A) Linear Isoquant Curve #

This curve is a straight line curve. It implies that by employing either capital or labour through various combinations, any quantity can be produced.

B) Right Angle Isoquant Curve #

According to this type of isoquant curve, there is substitution between the factors of production, and they have a major complementary nature between them. This means that there is only a single way of manufacturing any one commodity. This form of the curve is also referred to as the ‘Leontief Iso-quant’ or ‘input-output isoquant’ right-angled curve.

C) Kinked Isoquant Curve #

In this form of the curve, there is a limited substitutability between the different factors of production, and this substitution of factors can be observed at the kinks because there are not many processes involved in producing any one commodity. A kinked isoquant curve is also called ‘activity analysis programming isoquant or linear programming isoquant’.

D) Convex Isoquant Curve #

In this form of isoquant curve, the factors of production can be substituted with each other only to a certain level. This type of isoquant curve is in a convex shape and is smooth at the origin.

Characteristics of Isoquant Curves #

  • Isoquant curves slope downwards.
  • Isoquant curves are convex to the origin.
  • Isoquant curves do not intersect each other.
  • A higher isoquant shows a higher level of output.

Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution #

The MRTS is a theory in economics that is used to show the rate at which one factor of input should decrease to maintain the same level of output when another factor is increased.

MRTS = MPL/MPK

Where, MPL = Marginal Product of Labour, MPK = Marginal Product of Capital.

Revenue #

A) Total Revenue: #

TR = AR × Q

Where, TR is Total Revenue, AR = Average Revenue, Q = Output.

B) Average Revenue: #

AR = TR/Q

Where, AR = Average Revenue, TR = Total Revenue, Q = Output.

C) Marginal Revenue: #

Marginal revenue is the net revenue obtained by selling an extra unit of the concerned commodity. It is the addition made to the total revenue by selling one more unit of the goods. Marginal revenue is computed by the division of the change in the rate of total revenue by the change in the rate of quantity.

MR = ΔTR/ΔQ (Marginal Revenue = Change in Total Revenue/Change in Quantity)

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Unit 7

Table of Contents

May 08, 2026 #

Types of Capital #

A) Owned/Borrowed Capital.
B) Fixed/Floating Capital.
C) Working Capital.
D) Gross Working Capital.
E) Net Working Capital.
F) Net Operating Working Capital.

Types of Revenue #

A) Operating Revenue #

  1. Sales Revenue.
  2. Service Revenue.

B) Gross Revenue #

Gross revenue, often known as gross sales, is the entire amount of money your firm makes in a given accounting period before any deductions.

C) Net Revenue #

The value of a company’s income after discounts, item returns, and business expenditures like commissions is referred to as net revenue or net sales.

D) Deferred Revenue #

The income a firm makes before providing services or commodities to a client is referred to as deferred revenue or unearned revenue.

E) Accrued Revenue #

The income earned by a firm for supplying products or services that have not yet been paid for by a client. It’s income that a company recognises but has yet to realise.

Classification of Expenditure #

A) Capital Expenditure.
B) Revenue Expenditure.
C) Deferred Revenue Expenditure:

Deferred revenue expenditure refers to a type of spending that is revenue in nature but whose benefits last for more than one accounting period. Although the entire amount is usually spent in a single year, it is not fully charged to the Profit & Loss Account in that year because the benefit will be enjoyed over several future periods.

Classification of Receipts #

A) Revenue Receipts.
B) Capital Receipts.

Profits/Losses #

A) Capital Profits/Losses.
B) Revenue Profits/Losses.

Contingent #

A) Contingent Assets.
B) Contingent Liabilities.

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Unit 1

Table of Contents

April 12, 2026 #

Theories on the Origin of Language #

Types of Theories #

A) Divine.
B) Bow-Bow.
C) Pooh-Pooh.
D) Ding-Dong.
E) Gesture.
F) Yo-He-Ho.
G) Musical.
H) Tool-Making.
I) Evolutionary.
J) Symbolic.
K) Contemporary Perspective.

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PBM DCM1110

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Unit 1

Table of Contents

April 12, 2026 #

Introduction #

Management is a process where is an environment is developed to achieve the predefined goals and objectives through planning, organising, directing and controlling.

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Unit 1

Table of Contents

April 5, 2026 #

Characteristics of Management #

A) Goal Oriented.
B) Pervasive.
C) Multidimentional:
         (i) Management of People.
         (ii) Management of Operations.
D) Continuous.
E) Dynamic.
F) Group Activity.
G) Intangible.

Functions of Management #

A) Planning.
B) Organising.
C) Staffing.
D) Directing.
E) Controlling.

A) Planning #

  1. Determine the goals or mission of the organisation.
  2. Forecast future conditions.
  3. Select the best course of action.
  4. Formulate policies, procedures, budgets.

B) Organising #

  1. Identify and analyse activities required to be operated on.
  2. Group similar activities.
  3. Assign duties to individuals.
  4. Delegate authority and responsibility to the individuals in managerial roles.
  5. Establish and announce clear authority relationships to ensure coordination and control.

C) Staffing #

  1. Recruitment and selection.
  2. Training.
  3. Performance appraisal.

D) Directing #

  1. Leadership and supervision.
  2. Motivation.
  3. Communication.

E) Controlling #

  1. Establish performance standards.
  2. Measure performance.
  3. Compare performance with the standards.
  4. Identify reasons for deviations.
  5. Implement corrective actions.
  6. Use feedback to evaluate performance improvement.

Significance of Management #

A) Optimum unilization of resources.
B) Minimisation of costs.
C) Achievement of group goals.
D) Organisational stability.

  • Management depends on Effectiveness and Efficiency.

Scope of Management #

A) Production Management.
B) Personal Management.
C) Marketing Management.
D) Financial Management.

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Unit 2

Table of Contents

April 12, 2026 #

Behaviors of Managers #

A) Coaching managers #

Coaching managers usually take on a teacher-like role, and they have an excellent understanding of the different stages of professional development. They love to motivate their employees to improve. They do this by helping them build strong personal relationships. Some of the most common diff --git a/docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/index.html b/docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/index.html index e502bf2..fc94e83 100644 --- a/docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/index.html +++ b/docs/uninotes/s1/pbm-dcm1110/unit3/self/index.html @@ -11,10 +11,7 @@ B) Administration Management # It is mainly related to the performance of manage Sign Up

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Unit 3

Table of Contents

April 15, 2026 #

Classical approach comprised the following three approaches: #

A) Scientific Management #

In scientific management, scientific methods are used to study and analyse the problems in factories and businesses. It involves the use of rational methods, understanding issues, and finding relevant & practical solutions. The main contribution in scientific management is of Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is well renowned as ‘The father of scientific management’.

B) Administration Management #

It is mainly related to the performance of managers and has defined various functions of administration. In administration management, the emphasis is laid on evaluating the existing processes, identifying the underlying principles, and developing the management theories. These functions are interlinked and help managers perform effectively. The major contribution towards administration management is from Henry Fayol.

C) Bureaucratic Management #

This approach was founded by Max Weber, who believed bureaucracy is the best for the optimum utilisation of resources in an organisation. Such an approach is generally followed in government and military organisations. Bureaucratic management has a well-defined hierarchy, lines of authority, and procedures. Various rules and procedures are formed in bureaucracy to guide the functioning of an organisation.

Mechanisms of Scientific Management #

A) Separation of Planning and Doing.
B) Functional Foremanship - Training Department/Functional Department.
C) Job Analysis.
D) Standardisation.
E) Scientific Selection and Training of Workers.
F) Financial Incentives.
G) Economy.
H) Mental Revolution.

Henri Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management #

  1. Division of work.
  2. Authority and responsibility.
  3. Discipline.
  4. Unity of command.
  5. Unity of direction.
  6. Subordination of individual to general interest.
  7. Remuneration.
  8. Centralisation and decentralisation.
  9. Scalar chain.
  10. Order.
  11. Equity.
  12. Stability of tenure.
  13. Initiative.
  14. Esprit de Corps.

3 types of Authority in an organisation according to Max Weber #

  1. Traditional Authority.
  2. Charismatic Authority.
  3. Legal-Rational Authority.

A) Official and Regular Business Operations.
B) Well-Defined Rules and Procedures.
C) Clearly Defined Authority and Supervision.
D) Separation of Personal and Official Affairs.
E) Written Documentation.
F) Division of Labour and Specialisation.
G) Hierarchical Structure of Authority.
H) System of Abstract and Formal Rules.

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Unit 4

Table of Contents

April 20, 2026 #

Neoclassical Approaches #

A) Human Relations Movement #

Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:

  • Economic Depression - 1929.
  • Progress in Technology.
  • Response to Taylorism.
  • Enmity between classes.

1. Contribution of Elton Mayo #

The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations

Four Experiments:

  1. Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.
  2. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.
  3. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.
  4. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.

B) Behavioral Approach #

This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.

1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory #

  1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).
  2. Safety and Security Needs.
  3. Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).
  4. Esteem Needs.
  5. Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).

2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation #

  1. Theory X: If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.
  2. Theory Y: If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.
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