S1 PBM DCM1110 Self

# Unit 4

Table of Contents

### April 20, 2026

## Neoclassical Approaches

### A) Human Relations Movement

Factors affecting the Human Relations Movement:

- Economic Depression - 1929.
- Progress in Technology.
- Response to Taylorism.
- Enmity between classes.

### 1. Contribution of Elton Mayo

The Hawthorne Experiments: A Landmark in Human Relations

Four Experiments:

1. Illumination Experiments (1924–1927): Examined how changes in lighting affected worker productivity.
2. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments (1927–1928): Studied the impact of altered work conditions, such as hours and rest breaks, on output.
3. Mass Interviewing Programme (1928–1930): Investigated employees’ attitudes, feelings, and perceptions toward their work.
4. Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiments (1931–1932): Explored the effects of informal social groups on individual behaviour and productivity.

### B) Behavioral Approach

This approach focuses on understanding how individuals think, feel, and behave within organisational settings. Drawing insights from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, it emphasises the importance of studying human behaviour scientifically to develop effective management practices.

### 1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs).
2. Safety and Security Needs.
3. Social Needs (Belongingness and Love).
4. Esteem Needs.
5. Self-Actualisation Needs (Highest Level).

### 2. Douglas McGregor’s Theory of Motivation

1. Theory X: If managers think employees dislike work and avoid responsibility, they will adopt a strict, controlling style.
2. Theory Y: If managers believe employees are self-motivated and capable of self-direction, they will encourage participation and creativity.